2. Which of the following will NOT increase the value of a real option?

a. An increase in the volatility of the underlying source of risk.

b. An increase in the risk-free rate.

c. An increase in the cost of obtaining the real option.

d. A decrease in the probability that a competitor will enter the market of the project in question.

e. Lengthening the time in which a real option must be exercised.

3. Which of the following is most CORRECT?

a. Real options change the risk, but not the size, of projects' expected cash flows.

b. Real options are likely to reduce the cost of capital that should be used to discount a project's expected cash flows.

c. Very few projects actually have real options.

d. Real options are less valuable when there is a lot of uncertainty about the true values future sales and costs.

e. Real options change the size, but not the risk, of projects' expected cash flows.

(4). Ashgate Enterprises uses the NPV method for selecting projects, and it does a reasonably good job of estimating projects' sales and costs. However, it never considers real options that might be associated with projects. Which of the following statements is most likely to describe its situation?

a. Its estimated capital budget is probably too large due to its failure to consider abandonment and growth options.

b. Failing to consider abandonment and flexibility options probably makes the optimal capital budget too large, but failing to consider growth and timing options probably makes the optimal capital budget too small, so it is unclear what impact not considering real options has on the overall capital budget.

c. Failing to consider abandonment and flexibility options probably makes the optimal capital budget too small, but failing to consider growth and timing options probably makes the optimal capital budget too large, so it is unclear what impact not considering real options has on the overall capital budget.

d. Real options should not have any effect on the size of the optimal capital budget.

e. Its estimated capital budget is probably too small, because projects' NPVs are often larger when real options are taken into account.