Answered step by step
Verified Expert Solution
Link Copied!

Question

1 Approved Answer

[2015] 1 R.C.S.CARTER c .CANADA (PROCUREUR GNRAL)331 Lee Carter, Hollis Johnson, William Shoichet, British Columbia Civil Liberties Association and Gloria Taylor Appellants Lee Carter, Hollis

[2015] 1 R.C.S.CARTERc.CANADA (PROCUREUR GNRAL)331

Lee Carter, Hollis Johnson, William Shoichet, British Columbia Civil Liberties Association and Gloria TaylorAppellants

Lee Carter, Hollis Johnson, William Shoichet, Association des liberts civiles de la Colombie-Britannique

et Gloria Taylor

Appelants

c.

Procureur gnral du Canada

Intim

- et -

Lee Carter, Hollis Johnson, William Shoichet, Association des liberts civiles de la Colombie- Britannique et Gloria Taylor

Appelants

c.

Procureur gnral du Canada et procureure gnrale de la Colombie-Britannique

Intims

et

Procureur gnral de l'Ontario, procureure gnrale du Qubec, Conseil des Canadiens avec dficiences, Association canadienne pour l'intgration communautaire,

Alliance des chrtiens en droit,

Rseau juridique canadien VIH/sida,

HIV & AIDS Legal Clinic Ontario, Association for Reformed Political

Action Canada,

Collectif des mdecins contre l'euthanasie, Alliance vanglique du Canada,

Christian Medical and Dental Society of Canada, Canadian Federation of Catholic

Physicians' Societies, Dying With Dignity, Association mdicale canadienne,

Alliance catholique canadienne de la sant, Criminal Lawyers' Association (Ontario), Farewell Foundation for the Right to Die, Association qubcoise pour le droit

de mourir dans la dignit,

Association canadienne des liberts civiles,

v.

Attorney General of Canada

- and -

Respondent

Lee Carter, Hollis Johnson, William Shoichet, British Columbia Civil Liberties Association

and Gloria Taylor

v.

Attorney General Attorney General British Columbia

and

Attorney General

Attorney General

Council of Canadians with Disabilities, Canadian Association for Community Living, Christian Legal Fellowship,

Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network,

HIV & AIDS Legal Clinic Ontario, Association for Reformed Political

Action Canada,

Physicians' Alliance against Euthanasia, Evangelical Fellowship of Canada,

Christian Medical and Dental Society of Canada, Canadian Federation of Catholic

Physicians' Societies, Dying With Dignity, Canadian Medical Association,

Catholic Health Alliance of Canada,

Criminal Lawyers' Association (Ontario), Farewell Foundation for the Right to Die, Association qubcoise pour

le droit de mourir dans la dignit,

Canadian Civil Liberties Association, Catholic Civil Rights League,

Appellants

of Canada and of

Respondents

of Ontario, of Quebec,

332CARTER

v

.CANADA (ATTORNEY GENERAL)[2015] 1 S.C.R.

Faith and Freedom Alliance,

Protection of Conscience Project,

Alliance of People With Disabilities Who are Supportive of Legal Assisted Dying Society, Canadian Unitarian Council,

Euthanasia Prevention Coalition and Euthanasia Prevention Coalition

British Columbia

Interveners

Indexed as: Carter

v.

Canada (Attorney General)

2015 SCC 5

File No.: 35591.

2014: October 15; 2015: February 6.

Present: McLachlin C.J. and LeBel, Abella, Rothstein, Cromwell, Moldaver, Karakatsanis, Wagner and Gascon JJ.

ON APPEAL fROm ThE COURT Of APPEAL fOR bRiTish COLUmbiA

Constitutional law Division of powers Inter jurisdictional immunity Criminal Code provisions prohibiting physicianassisted dying Whether prohi bition interferes with protected core of provincial juris diction over health Constitution Act, 1867, ss. 91(27), 92(7), (13), (16).

Constitutional law Charter of Rights Right to life, liberty and security of the person Fundamental justice Competent adult with grievous and irremediable med ical condition causing enduring suffering consenting to termination of life with physician assistance Whether Criminal Code provisions prohibiting physicianassisted dying infringe s. 7 of Canadian Charter of Rights and Free doms If so, whether infringement justifiable under s. 1 of Charter Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C46, ss. 14, 241(b).

Constitutional law Charter of Rights Remedy Constitutional exemption Availability Constitu tional challenge of Criminal Code provisions prohibiting physicianassisted dying seeking declaration of invalid ity of provisions and freestanding constitutional exemp tion for claimants Whether constitutional exemption

Ligue catholique des droits de l'homme, Faith and Freedom Alliance,

Protection of Conscience Project,

Alliance of People With Disabilities Who are Supportive of Legal Assisted Dying Society, Conseil unitarien du Canada,

Coalition pour la prvention de l'euthanasie et Euthanasia Prevention Coalition British Columbia

Intervenants

Rpertori : Carter

c.

Canada (Procureur gnral)

2015 CSC 5

Nodu greffe : 35591.

2014 : 15 octobre; 2015 : 6 fvrier.

Prsents : La juge en chef McLachlin et les juges LeBel, Abella, Rothstein, Cromwell, Moldaver, Karakatsanis, Wagner et Gascon.

EN APPEL DE LA COUR D'APPEL DE LA COLOmbiE-bRiTANNiqUE

Droit constitutionnel Partage des comptences Doctrine de l'exclusivit des comptences Dispo sitions du Code criminel prohibant l'aide d'un mdecin pour mourir La prohibition entravetelle le contenu essentiel protg de la comptence provinciale en matire de sant? Loi constitutionnelle de 1867, art. 91(27), 92(7), (13), (16).

Droit constitutionnel Charte des droits Droit la vie, la libert et la scurit de la personne Justice fondamentale Adulte capable affect de problmes de sant graves et irrmdiables qui lui causent des souf frances persistantes consentant mettre fin ses jours avec l'aide d'un mdecin Les dispositions du Code criminel qui prohibent l'aide d'un mdecin pour mourir violentelles l'art. 7 de la Charte canadienne des droits et liberts? Dans l'affirmative, la violation estelle justifiable au regard de l'article premier de la Charte? Code criminel, L.R.C. 1985, c. C46, art. 14, 241b).

Droit constitutionnel Charte des droits Rpa ration Exemption constitutionnelle Faisabilit Contestation constitutionnelle par les demandeurs des dispositions du Code criminel prohibant l'aide d'un mde cin pour mourir en vue d'obtenir une dclaration d'inva lidit des dispositions et une exemption constitutionnelle

[2015] 1 R.C.S.CARTER

c

.CANADA (PROCUREUR GNRAL)333

under s. 24(1) of Canadian Charter of Rights and Free doms should be granted.

Courts Costs Special costs Principles gover ning exercise of courts' discretionary power to grant spe cial costs on full indemnity basis Trial judge awarding special costs to successful plaintiffs on basis that award justified by public interest, and ordering Attorney Gen eral intervening as of right to pay amount proportional to participation in proceedings Whether special costs should be awarded to cover entire expense of bringing case before courts Whether award against Attorney General justified.

Section 241(

b

) of the

Criminal Code

says that ev- eryone who aids or abets a person in committing sui- cide commits an indictable offence, and s. 14 says that no person may consent to death being inflicted on them. Together, these provisions prohibit the provision of assis- tance in dying in Canada. After T was diagnosed with a fatal neurodegenerative disease in 2009, she challenged the constitutionality of the

Criminal Code

provisions pro- hibiting assistance in dying. She was joined in her claim by C and J, who had assisted C's mother in achieving her goal of dying with dignity by taking her to Switzerland to use the services of an assisted suicide clinic; a physician who would be willing to participate in physician-assisted dying if it were no longer prohibited; and the British Co- lumbia Civil Liberties Association. The Attorney General of British Columbia participated in the constitutional lit- igation as of right.

The trial judge found that the prohibition against physician-assisted dying violates the s. 7 rights of com- petent adults who are suffering intolerably as a result of a grievous and irremediable medical condition and concluded that this infringement is not justified under s. 1 of the

Charter

. She declared the prohibition unconsti- tutional, granted a one-year suspension of invalidity and provided T with a constitutional exemption. She awarded special costs in favour of the plaintiffs on the ground that this was justified by the public interest in resolving the legal issues raised by the case, and awarded 10 percent of the costs against the Attorney General of British Co- lumbia in light of the full and active role it assumed in the proceedings.

autonome Opportunit d'accorder une exemption cons titutionnelle aux termes de l'art. 24(1) de la Charte cana dienne des droits et liberts.

Tribunaux Dpens Dpens spciaux Principes rgissant l'exercice du pouvoir discrtionnaire des tri bunaux d'accorder des dpens spciaux sur la base de l'indemnisation intgrale Juge de premire instance accordant des dpens spciaux aux demandeurs qui ont gain de cause parce que l'intrt public le justifie et con damnant la procureure gnrale, qui est intervenue de plein droit, payer une somme proportionnelle sa par ticipation l'instance Fautil accorder des dpens sp ciaux couvrant la totalit des dpenses engages pour porter l'affaire devant les tribunaux? La condamnation aux dpens prononce contre la procureure gnrale est elle justifie?

Aux termes de l'al. 241

b

) du

Code criminel

, quicon- que aide ou encourage quelqu'un se donner la mort commet un acte criminel, et selon l'art. 14, nul ne peut consentir ce que la mort lui soit inflige. Ensemble, ces dispositions prohibent au Canada la prestation de l'aide mourir. Aprs avoir appris en 2009 qu'elle souffrait d'une maladie neurodgnrative fatale, T a contest la constitutionnalit des dispositions du

Code criminel

qui prohibent l'aide mourir. Se sont joints sa demande C et J, qui avaient aid la mre de C raliser son souhait de mourir dans la dignit en l'emmenant en Suisse pour qu'elle puisse recourir aux services d'une clinique d'aide au suicide; se sont aussi joints un mdecin dispos par- ticiper un processus d'aide mdicale la mort si la pro- hibition tait leve, et l'Association des liberts civiles de la Colombie-Britannique. La procureure gnrale de la Colombie-Britannique a particip de plein droit au litige constitutionnel.

La juge de premire instance a conclu que la pro- hibition de l'aide mdicale mourir viole les droits que l'art. 7 garantit aux adultes capables vous d'in- tolrables souffrances causes par des problmes de sant graves et irrmdiables et a aussi conclu que cette violation n'est pas justifie au regard de l'article pre- mier de la

Charte

. Elle a dclar la prohibition incons- titutionnelle, a suspendu pour un an la prise d'effet de la dclaration d'invalidit et a accord T une exemption constitutionnelle. Elle a adjug des dpens spciaux aux demandeurs parce qu'une telle mesure tait justifie par l'intrt du public ce que soient tranches les questions de droit en litige, et elle a condamn la procureure g- nrale de la Colombie-Britannique payer 10 pour 100 des dpens du fait qu'elle avait particip pleinement et activement l'instance.

334CARTER

v

.CANADA (ATTORNEY GENERAL)[2015] 1 S.C.R.

The majority of the Court of Appeal allowed the ap- peal on the ground that the trial judge was bound to follow this Court's decision in

Rodriguez v. British Co lumbia (Attorney General)

, [1993] 3 S.C.R. 519, where a majority of the Court upheld the blanket prohibition on assisted suicide. The dissenting judge found no er- rors in the trial judge's assessment of

stare decisis

, her application of s. 7 or the corresponding analysis under s. 1. However, he concluded that the trial judge was bound by the conclusion in

Rodriguez

that any s. 15 infringe- ment was saved by s. 1.

Held

: The appeal should be allowed. Section 241(

b

) and s. 14 of the

Criminal Code

unjustifiably infringe s. 7 of the

Charter

and are of no force or effect to the extent that they prohibit physician-assisted death for a competent adult person who (1) clearly consents to the termination of life and (2) has a grievous and irreme- diable medical condition (including an illness, disease or disability) that causes enduring suffering that is in- tolerable to the individual in the circumstances of his or her condition. The declaration of invalidity is suspended for 12 months. Special costs on a full indemnity basis are awarded against Canada throughout. The Attorney General of British Columbia will bear responsibility for 10 percent of the costs at trial on a full indemnity basis and will pay the costs associated with its presence at the appellate levels on a party-and-party basis.

The trial judge was entitled to revisit this Court's de- cision in

Rodriguez

. Trial courts may reconsider settled rulings of higher courts in two situations: (1) where a new legal issue is raised; and (2) where there is a change in the circumstances or evidence that fundamentally shifts the parameters of the debate. Here, both conditions were met. The argument before the trial judge involved a dif- ferent legal conception of s. 7 than that prevailing when

Rodriguez

was decided. In particular, the law relating to the principles of overbreadth and gross disproportionality had materially advanced since

Rodriguez

. The matrix of legislative and social facts in this case also differed from the evidence before the Court in

Rodriguez

.

Les juges majoritaires de la Cour d'appel ont ac- cueilli l'appel pour le motif que la juge de premire ins- tance tait tenue de suivre la dcision de notre Cour dans

Rodriguez c. ColombieBritannique (Procureur gnral)

, [1993] 3 R.C.S. 519, dans laquelle les juges majoritaires de la Cour ont confirm l'interdiction gnrale de l'aide au suicide. Le juge dissident n'a relev aucune erreur dans l'examen, par la juge de premire instance, du prin- cipe du

stare decisis

, dans l'application qu'elle a faite de l'art. 7, ni dans l'analyse correspondante fonde sur l'article premier. Il a toutefois conclu qu'elle tait lie par la conclusion de l'arrt

Rodriguez

selon laquelle toute violation de l'art. 15 tait sauvegarde par l'article pre- mier.

Arrt

: Le pourvoi est accueilli. L'alina 241

b

) et l'art. 14 du

Code criminel

portent atteinte de manire in- justifie l'art. 7 de la

Charte

et sont inoprants dans la mesure o ils prohibent l'aide d'un mdecin pour mou- rir une personne adulte capable qui (1) consent clai- rement mettre fin sa vie; et qui (2) est affecte de problmes de sant graves et irrmdiables (y compris une affection, une maladie ou un handicap) lui causant des souffrances persistantes qui lui sont intolrables au regard de sa condition. La prise d'effet de la dclaration d'invalidit est suspendue pendant 12 mois. Le Canada est condamn des dpens spciaux sur la base de l'in- demnisation intgrale devant toutes les cours. La procu- reure gnrale de la Colombie-Britannique doit assumer la responsabilit de 10 pour 100 des dpens du procs sur la base de l'indemnisation intgrale, et elle est con- damne aux dpens associs sa participation devant les cours d'appel sur la base partie-partie.

La juge de premire instance pouvait rexaminer la dcision rendue par notre Cour dans

Rodriguez

. Les juridictions infrieures peuvent rexaminer les prc- dents de tribunaux suprieurs dans deux situations : (1) lorsqu'une nouvelle question juridique se pose; et (2) lorsqu'une modification de la situation ou de la preuve change radicalement la donne. En l'espce, ces deux conditions taient runies. L'argument prsent la juge de premire instance reposait sur une conception juridi- que de l'art. 7 diffrente de celle qui avait cours lors du prononc de l'arrt

Rodriguez

. Plus particulirement, le droit relatif aux principes de la porte excessive et du ca- ractre totalement disproportionn avait volu de faon importante depuis l'arrt

Rodriguez

. L'ensemble des faits lgislatifs et sociaux dans l'affaire qui nous occupe diff- rait galement des lments de preuve soumis la Cour dans l'affaire

Rodriguez

.

[2015] 1 R.C.S.CARTER

c

.CANADA (PROCUREUR GNRAL)335

The prohibition on assisted suicide is, in general, a valid exercise of the federal criminal law power under s. 91(27) of the

Constitution Act, 1867

, and it does not impair the protected core of the provincial jurisdiction over health. Health is an area of concurrent jurisdiction, which suggests that aspects of physician-assisted dying may be the subject of valid legislation by both levels of government, depending on the circumstances and the focus of the legislation. On the basis of the record, the interjurisdictional immunity claim cannot succeed.

Insofar as they prohibit physician-assisted dying for competent adults who seek such assistance as a result of a grievous and irremediable medical condition that causes enduring and intolerable suffering, ss. 241(

b

) and 14 of the

Criminal Code

deprive these adults of their right to life, liberty and security of the person under s. 7 of the

Charter

. The right to life is engaged where the law or state action imposes death or an increased risk of death on a person, either directly or indirectly. Here, the prohi- bition deprives some individuals of life, as it has the ef- fect of forcing some individuals to take their own lives prematurely, for fear that they would be incapable of doing so when they reached the point where suffering was intolerable. The rights to liberty and security of the per- son, which deal with concerns about autonomy and qual- ity of life, are also engaged. An individual's response to a grievous and irremediable medical condition is a mat- ter critical to their dignity and autonomy. The prohibition denies people in this situation the right to make decisions concerning their bodily integrity and medical care and thus trenches on their liberty. And by leaving them to en- dure intolerable suffering, it impinges on their security of the person.

The prohibition on physician-assisted dying infringes the right to life, liberty and security of the person in a manner that is not in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice. The object of the prohibition is not, broadly, to preserve life whatever the circumstances, but more specifically to protect vulnerable persons from being induced to commit suicide at a time of weakness. Since a total ban on assisted suicide clearly helps achieve this object, individuals' rights are not deprived arbitrarily. However, the prohibition catches people outside the class of protected persons. It follows that the limitation on their

La prohibition de l'aide au suicide constitue gnra- lement un exercice valide de la comptence en matire de droit criminel confre au gouvernement fdral par le par. 91(27) de la

Loi constitutionnelle de 1867

et n'empite pas sur le contenu essentiel protg de la com- ptence provinciale en matire de sant. La sant est un domaine de comptence concurrente, ce qui laisse croire que les deux ordres de gouvernement peuvent validement lgifrer sur des aspects de l'aide mdicale mourir, en fonction du caractre et de l'objet du texte lgislatif. Compte tenu du dossier qui a t soumis la Cour, la prtention fonde sur l'exclusivit des comptences ne peut tre retenue.

Dans la mesure o ils prohibent l'aide d'un mdecin pour mourir que peuvent demander des adultes capables affects de problmes de sant graves et irrmdiables qui leur causent des souffrances persistantes et intol- rables, l'al. 241

b

) et l'art. 14 du

Code criminel

privent ces adultes du droit la vie, la libert et la scurit de la personne que leur garantit l'art. 7 de la

Charte

. Le droit la vie entre en jeu lorsqu'une mesure ou une loi prise par l'tat a directement ou indirectement pour ef- fet d'imposer la mort une personne ou de l'exposer un risque accru de mort. En l'espce, la prohibition prive certaines personnes de la vie car elle a pour effet de for- cer certaines personnes s'enlever prmaturment la vie, par crainte d'tre incapables de le faire lorsque leurs souffrances deviendraient insupportables. Les droits la libert et la scurit de la personne, qui traitent des pr- occupations au sujet de l'autonomie et de la qualit de la vie, sont galement en jeu. La raction d'une personne des problmes de sant graves et irrmdiables est pri- mordiale pour sa dignit et son autonomie. La prohibi- tion prive les personnes se trouvant dans cette situation du droit de prendre des dcisions relatives leur intgrit corporelle et aux soins mdicaux et elle empite ainsi sur leur libert. Et en leur laissant subir des souffrances in- tolrables, elle empite sur la scurit de leur personne.

La prohibition de l'aide mdicale mourir porte atteinte au droit la vie, la libert et la scurit de la personne d'une manire non conforme aux principes de justice fondamentale. La prohibition n'a pas pour objet, envisag largement, de prserver la vie peu importe les circonstances, mais plus prcisment d'empcher que les personnes vulnrables soient incites se suicider dans un moment de faiblesse. Puisque la prohibition absolue de l'aide au suicide favorise clairement la ralisation de cet objet, il n'y a pas privation arbitraire de droits individuels. Cependant, la prohibition s'applique des

336CARTER

v

.CANADA (ATTORNEY GENERAL)[2015] 1 S.C.R.

rights is in at least some cases not connected to the objec- tive and that the prohibition is thus overbroad. It is unnec- essary to decide whether the prohibition also violates the principle against gross disproportionality.

Having concluded that the prohibition on physician- assisted dying violates s. 7, it is unnecessary to consider whether it deprives adults who are physically disabled of their right to equal treatment under s. 15 of the

Charter

.

Sections 241(

b

) and 14 of the

Criminal Code

are not saved by s. 1 of the

Charter

. While the limit is prescribed by law and the law has a pressing and substantial objec- tive, the prohibition is not proportionate to the objective. An absolute prohibition on physician-assisted dying is rationally connected to the goal of protecting the vulner- able from taking their life in times of weakness, because prohibiting an activity that poses certain risks is a rational method of curtailing the risks. However, as the trial judge found, the evidence does not support the contention that a blanket prohibition is necessary in order to substantially meet the government's objective. The trial judge made no palpable and overriding error in concluding, on the basis of evidence from scientists, medical practitioners, and others who are familiar with end-of-life decision- making in Canada and abroad, that a permissive regime with properly designed and administered safeguards was capable of protecting vulnerable people from abuse and error. It was also open to her to conclude that vulnerability can be assessed on an individual basis, using the proce- dures that physicians apply in their assessment of in- formed consent and decisional capacity in the context of medical decision-making more generally. The absolute prohibition is therefore not minimally impairing. Given this conclusion, it is not necessary to weigh the impacts of the law on protected rights against the beneficial effect of the law in terms of the greater public good.

The appropriate remedy is not to grant a free-standing constitutional exemption, but rather to issue a declaration of invalidity and to suspend it for 12 months. Nothing in this declaration would compel physicians to provide assistance in dying. The

Charter

rights of patients and

personnes qui n'entrent pas dans la catgorie des per- sonnes protges. Il s'ensuit que la restriction de leurs droits n'a, dans certains cas du moins, aucun lien avec l'objectif et que la porte de la prohibition est de ce fait excessive. Il n'est pas ncessaire de dcider si la prohi- bition contrevient aussi au principe selon lequel elle ne doit pas avoir un caractre totalement disproportionn.

Comme nous avons conclu que la prohibition de l'aide mdicale mourir viole l'art. 7, point n'est besoin d'examiner si elle prive les adultes affects d'un handi- cap physique de leur droit un traitement gal garanti par l'art. 15 de la

Charte

.

L'alina 241

b

) et l'art. 14 du

Code criminel

ne sont pas sauvegards par application de l'article premier de la

Charte

. Bien que la limite soit prescrite par une rgle de droit et que la loi vise un objectif urgent et rel, la pro- hibition n'est pas proportionne son objectif. Il existe un lien rationnel entre une prohibition absolue de l'aide mdicale mourir et l'objectif qui consiste empcher que les personnes vulnrables s'enlvent la vie dans un moment de faiblesse, parce que prohiber une activit qui pose certains risques constitue un moyen rationnel de rduire les risques. Toutefois, la juge de premire ins- tance a conclu que la preuve n'taye pas la prtention qu'une prohibition gnrale est ncessaire pour raliser de faon substantielle les objectifs de l'tat. La juge n'a pas commis une erreur manifeste et dominante en concluant, sur la foi des tmoignages de scientifiques, de praticiens de la sant et d'autres personnes qui con- naissent bien la prise de dcisions concernant la fin de vie au Canada et l'tranger, qu'un rgime permissif comportant des garanties adquatement conues et appli- ques pouvait protger les personnes vulnrables contre les abus et les erreurs. Elle pouvait galement conclure que la vulnrabilit peut tre value au cas par cas au moyen des procdures suivies par les mdecins lorsqu'ils valuent le consentement clair et la capacit dcision- nelle dans le contexte de la prise de dcisions d'ordre mdical de faon plus gnrale. La prohibition absolue ne constitue donc pas une atteinte minimale. Compte tenu de cette conclusion, il n'est pas ncessaire de mettre en balance l'incidence de la loi sur les droits protgs et l'effet bnfique de la loi au plan de l'intrt suprieur du public.

La rparation approprie consiste non pas accorder une exemption constitutionnelle autonome, mais plutt prononcer une dclaration d'invalidit et de suspendre la prise d'effet de son application pendant 12 mois. Rien dans cette dclaration ne contraindrait les mdecins

[2015] 1 R.C.S.CARTER

c

.CANADA (PROCUREUR GNRAL)337

physicians will need to be reconciled in any legislative and regulatory response to this judgment.

The appellants are entitled to an award of special costs on a full indemnity basis to cover the entire expense of bringing this case before the courts. A court may depart from the usual rule on costs and award special costs where two criteria are met. First, the case must involve matters of public interest that are truly exceptional. It is not enough that the issues raised have not been previously resolved or that they transcend individual interests of the successful litigant: they must also have a significant and widespread societal impact. Second, in addition to showing that they have no personal, proprietary or pecu- niary interest in the litigation that would justify the pro- ceedings on economic grounds, the plaintiffs must show that it would not have been possible to effectively pursue the litigation in question with private funding. Finally, only those costs that are shown to be reasonable and pru- dent will be covered by the award of special costs. Here, the trial judge did not err in awarding special costs in the truly exceptional circumstances of this case. It was also open to her to award 10 percent of the costs against the Attorney General of British Columbia in light of the full and active role it played in the proceedings. The trial judge was in the best position to determine the role taken by that Attorney General and the extent to which it shared carriage of the case.

Cases Cited

Distinguished:

Rodriguez v. British Columbia (At torney General)

, [1993] 3 S.C.R. 519;

applied:

Canada (Attorney General) v. Bedford

, 2013 SCC 72, [2013] 3 S.C.R. 1101;

disapproved:

Victoria (City) v. Adams

, 2009 BCCA 563, 100 B.C.L.R. (4th) 28;

referred to:

Washington v. Glucksberg

, 521 U.S. 702 (1997);

Vacco v. Quill

, 521 U.S. 793 (1997);

Pretty v. United Kingdom

, No. 2346/02, ECHR 2002-III;

Fleming v. Ireland

, [2013] IESC 19;

R. (on the application of Nicklinson) v. Ministry of Justice

, [2014] UKSC 38, [2014] 3 All E.R. 843;

Al berta v. Hutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony

, 2009 SCC 37, [2009] 2 S.C.R. 567;

R. v. Ferguson

, 2008 SCC 6, [2008] 1 S.C.R. 96;

Ontario (Attorney General) v. Fraser

, 2011 SCC 20, [2011] 2 S.C.R. 3;

Canadian Western Bank v. Alberta

, 2007 SCC 22, [2007] 2 S.C.R. 3;

Tsilhqot'in Nation v. British Columbia

, 2014 SCC 44, [2014] 2 S.C.R.

dispenser une aide mdicale mourir. La rponse lgis- lative ou rglementaire au prsent jugement devra con- cilier les droits garantis par la

Charte

aux patients et aux mdecins.

Les appelants ont droit des dpens spciaux sur la base de l'indemnisation intgrale afin de couvrir la tota- lit des dpenses engages pour porter cette affaire de- vant les tribunaux. Un tribunal peut droger la rgle habituelle en matire de dpens et octroyer des dpens spciaux lorsque deux critres sont respects. Premi- rement, l'affaire doit porter sur des questions d'intrt public vritablement exceptionnelles. Il ne suffit pas que les questions souleves n'aient pas encore t tranches ou qu'elles dpassent le cadre des intrts du plaideur qui a gain de cause : elles doivent aussi avoir une incidence importante et gnralise sur la socit. Deuximement, en plus de dmontrer qu'ils n'ont dans le litige aucun in- trt personnel, proprital ou pcuniaire qui justifierait l'instance pour des raisons d'ordre conomique, les de- mandeurs doivent dmontrer qu'il n'aurait pas t pos- sible de poursuivre l'instance en question avec une aide financire prive. Enfin, seuls les frais dont on tablit le caractre raisonnable et prudent seront couverts par l'octroi de dpens spciaux. En l'espce, la juge de pre- mire instance n'a pas commis une erreur en adjugeant des dpens spciaux dans les circonstances vraiment ex- ceptionnelles de cette affaire. Elle pouvait galement con- damner la procureure gnrale de la Colombie-Britannique payer 10 pour 100 des dpens puisque cette dernire avait particip pleinement et activement l'instance. La juge tait la mieux place pour apprcier la participation de la procureure gnrale et la mesure dans laquelle celle- ci a partag la responsabilit du dossier.

Jurisprudence

Distinction d'avec l'arrt :

Rodriguez c. Colombie Britannique (Procureur gnral)

, [1993] 3 R.C.S. 519;

arrt appliqu :

Canada (Procureur gnral) c. Bedford

, 2013 CSC 72, [2013] 3 R.C.S. 1101;

arrt critiqu :

Vic toria (City) c. Adams

, 2009 BCCA 563, 100 B.C.L.R. (4th) 28;

arrts mentionns :

Washington c. Glucksberg

, 521 U.S. 702 (1997);

Vacco c. Quill

, 521 U.S. 793 (1997);

Pretty c. RoyaumeUni

, no2346/02, CEDH 2002-III;

Fleming c. Ireland

, [2013] IESC 19;

R. (on the applica tion of Nicklinson) c. Ministry of Justice

, [2014] UKSC 38, [2014] 3 All E.R. 843;

Alberta c. Hutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony

, 2009 CSC 37, [2009] 2 R.C.S. 567;

R. c. Ferguson

, 2008 CSC 6, [2008] 1 R.C.S. 96;

Onta rio (Procureur gnral) c. Fraser

, 2011 CSC 20, [2011] 2 R.C.S. 3;

Banque canadienne de l'Ouest c. Alberta

, 2007 CSC 22, [2007] 2 R.C.S. 3;

Nation Tsilhqot'in c.

338CARTER

v

.CANADA (ATTORNEY GENERAL)[2015] 1 S.C.R.

256;

Canada (Attorney General) v. PHS Community Services Society

, 2011 SCC 44, [2011] 3 S.C.R. 134;

RJR MacDonald Inc. v. Canada (Attorney General)

, [1995] 3 S.C.R. 199;

Schneider v. The Queen

, [1982] 2 S.C.R. 112;

Chaoulli v. Quebec (Attorney General)

, 2005 SCC 35, [2005] 1 S.C.R. 791;

Blencoe v. British Columbia (Human Rights Commission)

, 2000 SCC 44, [2000] 2 S.C.R. 307;

R. v. Morgentaler

, [1988] 1 S.C.R. 30;

New Brunswick (Minister of Health and Community Services) v. G. (J.)

, [1999] 3 S.C.R. 46;

A.C. v. Manitoba (Director of Child and Family Services)

, 2009 SCC 30, [2009] 2 S.C.R. 181;

R. v. Parker

(2000), 49 O.R. (3d) 481;

Fleming v. Reid

(1991), 4 O.R. (3d) 74;

Ciarlariello v. Schacter

, [1993] 2 S.C.R. 119;

Malette v. Shulman

(1990), 72 O.R. (2d) 417;

Nancy B. v. HtelDieu de Qubec

(1992), 86 D.L.R. (4th) 385;

Charkaoui v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)

, 2007 SCC 9, [2007] 1 S.C.R. 350;

R. v. Swain

, [1991] 1 S.C.R. 933;

Re B.C. Motor Vehicle Act

, [1985] 2 S.C.R. 486;

Suresh v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)

, 2002 SCC 1, [2002] 1 S.C.R. 3;

R. v. Oakes

, [1986] 1 S.C.R. 103;

Saskatchewan (Human Rights Com mission) v. Whatcott

, 2013 SCC 11, [2013] 1 S.C.R. 467;

Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v. Canada (Com missioner of Customs and Revenue)

, 2007 SCC 2, [2007] 1 S.C.R. 38;

Finney v. Barreau du Qubec

, 2004 SCC 36, [2004] 2 S.C.R. 17;

British Columbia (Minister of Forests) v. Okanagan Indian Band

, 2003 SCC 71, [2003] 3 S.C.R. 371;

B. (R.) v. Children's Aid Society of Metropolitan To ronto

, [1995] 1 S.C.R. 315;

Hegeman v. Carter

, 2008 NWTSC 48, 74 C.P.C. (6th) 112;

Polglase v. Polglase

(1979), 18 B.C.L.R. 294.

Statutes and Regulations Cited

Act respecting endoflife care

, CQLR, c. S-32.0001 [not yet in force].

Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

, ss. 1, 7, 15.

Constitution Act, 1867

, ss. 91, 92.

Constitution Act, 1982

, s. 52.

Criminal Code

, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46, ss. 14, 21, 22,

212(1)(

j

), 222, 241.

Authors Cited

Singleton, Thomas J. "The Principles of Fundamental Justice, Societal Interests and Section 1 of the Char- ter" (1995), 74

Can. Bar Rev.

446.

APPEAL from a judgment of the British Columbia Court of Appeal (Finch C.J.B.C. and Newbury and Saunders JJ.A.), 2013 BCCA 435, 51 B.C.L.R. (5th)

ColombieBritannique

, 2014 CSC 44, [2014] 2 R.C.S. 256;

Canada (Procureur gnral) c. PHS Community Ser vices Society

, 2011 CSC 44, [2011] 3 R.C.S. 134;

RJR MacDonald Inc. c. Canada (Procureur gnral)

, [1995] 3 R.C.S. 199;

Schneider c. La Reine

, [1982] 2 R.C.S. 112;

Chaoulli c. Qubec (Procureur gnral)

, 2005 CSC 35, [2005] 1 R.C.S. 791;

Blencoe c. ColombieBritannique (Hu man Rights Commission)

, 2000 CSC 44, [2000] 2 R.C.S. 307;

R. c. Morgentaler

, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30;

Nouveau Brunswick (Ministre de la Sant et des Services communau taires) c. G. (J.)

, [1999] 3 R.C.S. 46;

A.C. c. Manitoba (Di recteur des services l'enfant et la famille)

, 2009 CSC 30, [2009] 2 R.C.S. 181;

R. c. Parker

(2000), 49 O.R. (3d) 481;

Fleming c. Reid

(1991), 4 O.R. (3d) 74;

Ciarlariello c. Schacter

, [1993] 2 R.C.S. 119;

Malette c. Shulman

(1990), 72 O.R. (2d) 417;

Nancy B. c. HtelDieu de Qu bec

, [1992] R.J.Q. 361;

Charkaoui c. Canada (Citoyen net et Immigration)

, 2007 CSC 9, [2007] 1 R.C.S. 350;

R. c. Swain

, [1991] 1 R.C.S. 933;

Renvoi sur la Motor Ve hicle Act (C.B.)

, [1985] 2 R.C.S. 486;

Suresh c. Canada (Ministre de la Citoyennet et de l'Immigration)

, 2002 CSC 1, [2002] 1 R.C.S. 3;

R. c. Oakes

, [1986] 1 R.C.S. 103;

Saskatchewan (Human Rights Commission) c. Whatcott

, 2013 CSC 11, [2013] 1 R.C.S. 467;

Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium c. Canada (Commissaire des Douanes et du Revenu)

, 2007 CSC 2, [2007] 1 R.C.S. 38;

Finney c. Barreau du Qubec

, 2004 CSC 36, [2004] 2 R.C.S. 17;

ColombieBritannique (Ministre des Forts) c. Bande indienne Okanagan

, 2003 CSC 71, [2003] 3 R.C.S. 371;

B. (R.) c. Children's Aid Society of Metropolitan Toronto

, [1995] 1 R.C.S. 315;

Hegeman c. Carter

, 2008 NWTSC 48, 74 C.P.C. (6th) 112;

Polglase c. Polglase

(1979), 18 B.C.L.R. 294.

Lois et rglements cits

Charte canadienne des droits et liberts

, art. 1, 7, 15.

Code criminel

, L.R.C. 1985, c. C-46, art. 14, 21, 22,

212(1)

j

), 222, 241.

Loi concernant les soins de fin de vie

, RLRQ, c. S-

32.0001 [non encore en vigueur].

Loi constitutionnelle de 1867

, art. 91, 92.

Loi constitutionnelle de 1982

, art. 52.

Doctrine et autres documents cits

Singleton, Thomas J. The Principles of Fundamen- tal Justice, Societal Interests and Section 1 of the Charter (1995), 74

R. du B. can.

446.

POURVOI contre un arrt de la Cour d'appel de la Colombie-Britannique (le juge en chef Finch et les juges Newbury et Saunders), 2013 BCCA

[2015] 1 R.C.S.CARTER

c

.CANADA (PROCUREUR GNRAL)339

213, 302 C.C.C. (3d) 26, 365 D.L.R. (4th) 351, 293 C.R.R. (2d) 109, 345 B.C.A.C. 232, 589 W.A.C. 232, [2014] 1 W.W.R. 211, [2013] B.C.J. No. 2227 (QL), 2013 CarswellBC 3051 (WL Can.), setting aside de- cisions of Smith J., 2012 BCSC 886, 287 C.C.C. (3d) 1, 261 C.R.R. (2d) 1, [2012] B.C.J. No. 1196 (QL), 2012 CarswellBC 1752 (WL Can.); and 2012 BCSC 1587, 271 C.R.R. (2d) 224, [2012] B.C.J. No. 2259 (QL), 2012 CarswellBC 3388 (WL Can.). Appeal al- lowed.

Joseph J. Arvay

,

Q.C.

,

Sheila M. Tucker

and

Alison M. Latimer

, for the appellants.

Robert J. Frater

and

Donnaree Nygard

, for the respondent the Attorney General of Canada.

Bryant Mackey

, for the respondent the Attorney General of British Columbia.

S. Zachary Green

, for the intervener the Attorney General of Ontario.

JeanYves Bernard

and

Sylvain Leboeuf

, for the intervener the Attorney General of Quebec.

David Baker

and

Emily Shepard

, for the inter- veners the Council of Canadians with Disabilities and the Canadian Association for Community Liv- ing.

Gerald D. Chipeur

,

Q.C.

, for the intervener the Christian Legal Fellowship.

Written submissions only by

Gordon Capern

,

Michael Fenrick

,

Richard Elliott

and

Ryan Peck

, for the interveners the Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Net- work and the HIV & AIDS Legal Clinic Ontario.

Andr Schutten

, for the intervener the Associa- tion for Reformed Political Action Canada.

Pierre Bienvenu

,

Andres C. Garin

and

Vincent Rochette

, for the intervener the Physicians' Alliance against Euthanasia.

435, 51 B.C.L.R. (5th) 213, 302 C.C.C. (3d) 26, 365 D.L.R. (4th) 351, 293 C.R.R. (2d) 109, 345 B.C.A.C. 232, 589 W.A.C. 232, [2014] 1 W.W.R. 211, [2013] B.C.J. No. 2227 (QL), 2013 CarswellBC 3051 (WL Can.), qui a infirm des dcisions de la juge Smith, 2012 BCSC 886, 287 C.C.C. (3d) 1, 261 C.R.R. (2d) 1, [2012] B.C.J. No. 1196 (QL), 2012 CarswellBC 1752 (WL Can.); et 2012 BCSC 1587, 271 C.R.R. (2d) 224, [2012] B.C.J. No. 2259 (QL), 2012 CarswellBC 3388 (WL Can.). Pourvoi accueilli.

Joseph J. Arvay

,

c.r.

,

Sheila M. Tucker

et

Alison M. Latimer

, pour les appelants.

Robert J. Frater

et

Donnaree Nygard

, pour l'in- tim le procureur gnral du Canada.

Bryant Mackey

, pour l'intime la procureure g- nrale de la Colombie-Britannique.

S. Zachary Green

, pour l'intervenant le procu- reur gnral de l'Ontario.

JeanYves Bernard

et

Sylvain Leboeuf

, pour l'in- tervenante la procureure gnrale du Qubec.

David Baker

et

Emily Shepard

, pour les inter- venants le Conseil des Canadiens avec dficien- ces et l'Association canadienne pour l'intgration communautaire.

Gerald D. Chipeur

,

c.r.

, pour l'intervenante l'Al- liance des chrtiens en droit.

Argumentation crite seulement par

Gordon Capern

,

Michael Fenrick

,

Richard Elliott

et

Ryan Peck

, pour les intervenants le Rseau juridique ca- nadien VIH/sida et HIV & AIDS Legal Clinic On- tario.

Andr Schutten

, pour l'intervenante Association for Reformed Political Action Canada.

Pierre Bienvenu

,

Andres C. Garin

et

Vincent Rochette

, pour l'intervenant le Collectif des mde- cins contre l'euthanasie.

340CARTER

v

.CANADA (ATTORNEY GENERAL)[2015] 1 S.C.R.

Geoffrey Trotter

, for the intervener the Evangel- ical Fellowship of Canada.

Albertos Polizogopoulos

, for the interveners the Christian Medical and Dental Society of Ca- nada and the Canadian Federation of Catholic Phy- sicians' Societies.

Written submissions only by

Cynthia Petersen

and

Kelly Doctor

, for the intervener Dying With Dignity.

Harry Underwood

and

Jessica Prince

, for the in- tervener the Canadian Medical Association.

Albertos Polizogopoulos

and

Russell G. Gibson

, for the intervener the Catholic Health Alliance of Canada.

Marlys A. Edwardh

and

Daniel Sheppard

, for the intervener the Criminal Lawyers' Association (On- tario).

Jason B. Gratl

, for the interveners the Farewell Foundation for the Right to Die and Association qubcoise pour le droit de mourir dans la dignit.

Christopher D. Bredt

and

Margot Finley

, for the intervener the Canadian Civil Liberties Association.

Robert W. Staley

,

Ranjan K. Agarwal

,

Jack R. Maslen

and

Philip H. Horgan

, for the interveners the Catholic Civil Rights League, the Faith and Freedom Alliance and the Protection of Conscience Project.

Angus M. Gunn

,

Q.C.

, and

Duncan A. W. Ault

, for the intervener the Alliance of People With Dis- abilities Who are Supportive of Legal Assisted Dy- ing Society.

Tim Dickson

and

Ryan J. M. Androsoff

, for the intervener the Canadian Unitarian Council.

Hugh R. Scher

, for the interveners the Euthanasia Prevention Coalition and the Euthanasia Prevention Coalition British Columbia.

Geoffrey Trotter

, pour l'intervenante l'Alliance vanglique du Canada.

Albertos Polizogopoulos

, pour les intervenantes Christian Medical and Dental Society of Canada et Canadian Federation of Catholic Physicians' So- cieties.

Argumentation crite seulement par

Cynthia Petersen

et

Kelly Doctor

, pour l'intervenante Dying With Dignity.

Harry Underwood

et

Jessica Prince

, pour l'in- tervenante l'Association mdicale canadienne.

Albertos Polizogopoulos

et

Russell G. Gibson

, pour l'intervenante l'Alliance catholique cana- dienne de la sant.

Marlys A. Edwardh

et

Daniel Sheppard

, pour l'intervenante Criminal Lawyers' Association (On- tario).

Jason B. Gratl

, pour les intervenantes Farewell Foundation for the Right to Die et l'Association qubcoise pour le droit de mourir dans la dignit.

Christopher D. Bredt

et

Margot Finley

, pour l'in- tervenante l'Association canadienne des liberts civiles.

Robert W. Staley

,

Ranjan K. Agarwal

,

Jack R. Maslen

et

Philip H. Horgan

, pour les intervenants la Ligue catholique des droits de l'homme, Faith and Freedom Alliance et Protection of Conscience Project.

Angus M. Gunn

,

c.r.

, et

Duncan A. W. Ault

, pour l'intervenante Alliance of People With Disabilities Who are Supportive of Legal Assisted Dying So- ciety.

Tim Dickson

et

Ryan J. M. Androsoff

, pour l'intervenant le Conseil unitarien du Canada.

Hugh R. Scher

, pour les intervenantes la Coa- lition pour la prvention de l'euthanasie et Eutha- nasia Prevention Coalition British Columbia.

[2015] 1 R.C.S.CARTER

c

.CANADA (PROCUREUR GNRAL)341

Table of Contents

Paragraph

Introduction .................................................. 1

  1. Background .................................................. 5
  2. Statutory Provisions ...................................19
  3. Judicial History ..........................................22

British Columbia Supreme Court, 2012 BCSC 886, 287 C.C.C. (3d) 1

....................22

British Columbia Court of Appeal, 2013 BCCA 435, 51 B.C.L.R. (5th) 213

..............34

Issues on Appeal.........................................40

  1. Was the Trial Judge Bound by

Rodriguez

?..................................................42

Does the Prohibition Interfere

  1. With the "Core" of the Provincial Jurisdiction Over Health?...........................49
  2. Section 7.....................................................54

Does the Law Infringe the Right to Life,

Liberty and Security of the Person?

...........57 (1) Life....................................................57

  1. (2)Liberty and Security of the Person .....64

(3)Summary on Section 7: Life,

Liberty and Security of the Person .....70

The Principles of Fundamental Justice

......71

(1) Arbitrariness ..................................... 83

Table des matires

Paragraphe I. Introduction .................................................. 1 II. Contexte........................................................ 5 III. Dispositions lgislatives.............................19 IV. Historique judiciaire...................................22

A.

Cour suprme de la ColombieBritannique, 2012 BCSC 886, 287 C.C.C. (3d) 1

...........22

B.

Cour d'appel de la ColombieBritannique, 2013 BCCA 435, 51 B.C.L.R. (5th) 213

.....34

V. Questions en litige souleves dans le

prsent pourvoi...........................................40

VI. La juge de premire instance tait-elle

lie par l'arrt

Rodriguez

?..........................42

VII. La prohibition porte-t-elle atteinte au

contenu essentiel de la comptence provinciale sur la sant? .............................49

VIII. L'article 7....................................................54

A.

La loi portetelle atteinte au droit la

vie, la libert et la scurit de

la personne?

...............................................57

(1) La vie ................................................57

(2) La libert et la scurit de la

personne ............................................ 64

(3) Rsum de l'analyse relative

l'art. 7 : la vie, la libert et la

scurit de la personne......................70

B.

Les principes de justice fondamentale

.......71 (1) Le caractre arbitraire.......................83

342

CARTER

v

.CANADA (ATTORNEY GENERAL)

The Court

[2015] 1 S.C.R.La porte excessive...........................85

Le caractre totalement disproportionn ................................. 89

  1. (2)Overbreadth ...................................... 85
  2. (3)Gross Disproportionality ..................89
  3. (4)Parity ................................................. 91
  4. Does the Prohibition on Assisted Suicide
  5. Violate Section 15 of the

Charter

?.............93

  1. Section 1.....................................................94
  2. (1)Rational Connection .........................99

  1. (2)Minimal Impairment.......................102

(a)

Canada's Challenge to

  1. the Facts
  2. ..........................................108

(b)

The Fresh Evidence

  1. .........................110

(c)

  1. The Feasibility of Safeguards and the

  1. Possibilityofa"SlipperySlope"

.......114

(3) Deleterious Effects and

Salutary Benefits.............................122

XI. Remedy..................................................... 124

  1. The Court of Appeal's Proposed Constitutional Exemption
  2. .........................124
  3. Declaration of Invalidity
  4. ..........................126
  5. Costs ......................................................... 133
  6. Conclusion................................................147

The following is the judgment delivered by

The Court

I. Introduction

[1] It is a crime in Canada to assist another per- son in ending her own life. As a result, people who are grievously and irremediably ill cannot

(2) (3)

La parit............................................91

(4)

IX. La prohibition de l'aide au suicide

viole-t-elle l'art. 15 de la

Charte

? .............. 93 X. L'article premier.........................................94 (1) Le lien rationnel................................99 (2) L'atteinte minimale.........................102

a)

Contestation des faits par

le Canada

........................................108

b)

Le nouvel lment de preuve

...........110 c)

La faisabilit des garanties et la

possibilit de drapage

.............114 (3) Effets prjudiciables et effets

bnfiques ....................................... 122

XI. La rparation.............................................124

A.

L'exemption constitutionnelle propose

par la Cour d'appel

..................................124

B.

Dclaration d'invalidite

...........................126 XII. Dpens ...................................................... 133 XIII. Conclusion................................................147

Version franaise du jugement rendu par

La Cour

I. Introduction

[1] Au Canada, le fait d'aider une personne met- tre fin ses jours constitue un crime. Par cons- quent, les personnes gravement et irrmdiablement

[2015] 1 R.C.S.CARTERc.CANADA (PROCUREUR GNRAL)

La Cour

343

seek a physician's assistance in dying and may be condemned to a life of severe and intolerable suffer- ing. A person facing this prospect has two options: she can take her own life prematurely, often by vio- lent or dangerous means, or she can suffer until she dies from natural causes. The choice is cruel.

[2] The question on this appeal is whether the criminal prohibition that puts a person to this choice violates herCharterrights to life, liberty and secu- rity of the person (s. 7) and to equal treatment by and under the law (s. 15). This is a question that asks us to balance competing values of great importance. On the one hand stands the autonomy and dignity of a competent adult who seeks death as a response to a grievous and irremediable medical condition. On the other stands the sanctity of life and the need to pro- tect the vulnerable.

[3] The trial judge found that the prohibition vi- olates the s. 7 rights of competent adults who are suffering intolerably as a result of a grievous and ir- remediable medical condition. She concluded that this infringement is not justified under s. 1 of theCharter. We agree. The trial judge's findings were based on an exhaustive review of the extensive re- cord before her. The evidence supports her conclu- sion that the violation of the right to life, liberty and security of the person guaranteed by s. 7 of theCharteris severe. It also supports her finding that a properly administered regulatory regime is capable of protecting the vulnerable from abuse or error.

[4] We conclude that the prohibition on physician- assisted dying is void insofar as it deprives a com- petent adult of such assistance where (1) the person affected clearly consents to the termination of life; and (2) the person has a grievous and irremedia- ble medical condition (including an illness, disease or disability) that causes enduring suffering that is

malades ne peuvent demander l'aide d'un mdecin pour mourir et peuvent tre condamnes une vie de souffrances aigus et intolrables. Devant une telle perspective, deux solutions s'offrent elles : soit mettre fin prmaturment leurs jours, souvent par des moyens violents ou dangereux, soit souffrir jusqu' ce qu'elles meurent de causes naturelles. Le choix est cruel.

[2] Il faut dterminer dans le prsent pourvoi si la prohibition criminelle qui impose ce choix une personne viole les droits que lui garantit la

Charte canadienne des droits et liberts

le droit la vie, la libert et la scurit de la personne (art. 7) et le droit l'galit devant la loi (art. 15). Trancher cette question nous oblige pondrer des valeurs opposes d'une grande importance. D'une part, il y a l'autonomie et la dignit d'un adulte capable qui cherche dans la mort un remde des problmes de sant graves et irrmdiables. D'autre part, il y a le caractre sacr de la vie et la ncessit de protger les personnes vulnrables.

[3] La juge de premire instance a conclu que la prohibition viole les droits que l'art. 7 garantit aux adultes capables vous d'intolrables souffrances causes par des problmes de sant graves et irr- mdiables. Elle a conclu que cette violation n'est pas justifie au regard de l'article premier de la

Charte

. Nous sommes du mme avis. La juge de premire instance a fond ses conclusions sur un examen ex- haustif de l'imposant dossier dont elle disposait. La preuve appuie sa conclusion que la violation du droit la vie, la libert et la scurit de la per- sonne garanti par l'art. 7 de la

Charte

est grave. Elle taye aussi sa conclusion qu'un rgime de rgle- mentation bien appliqu permet de protger les per- sonnes vulnrables contre les abus ou les erreurs.

[4] Nous concluons que la prohibition de l'aide d'un mdecin pour mourir une personne ( aide mdicale mourir ) est nulle dans la mesure o elle prive de cette aide un adulte capable dans les cas o (1) la personne touche consent clairement mettre fin ses jours; et (2) la personne est affec- te de problmes de sant graves et irrmdiables

344CARTER

v

.CANADA (ATTORNEY GENERAL)

The Court

[2015] 1 S.C.R.

intolerable to the individual in the circumstances of his or her condition. We therefore allow the appeal.

II. Background

[5] In Canada, aiding or abetting a person to com- mit suicide is a criminal offence: see s. 241(

b

) of the

Criminal Code

, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46. This means that a person cannot seek a physician-assisted death. Twenty-one years ago, this Court upheld this blanket prohibition on assisted suicide by a slim majority:

Rodriguez v. British Columbia (Attorney General)

, [1993] 3 S.C.R. 519. Sopinka J., writing for five jus- tices, held that the prohibition did not violate s. 7 of the

Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

, and that if it violated s. 15, this was justified under s. 1, as there was "no halfway measure that could be relied upon with assurance" to protect the vulnera- ble (p. 614). Four justices disagreed. McLachlin J. (as she then was), with L'Heureux-Dub J. concur- ring, concluded that the prohibition violated s. 7 of the

Charter

and was not justified under s. 1. Lamer C.J. held that the prohibition violated s. 15 of the

Charter

and was not saved under s. 1. Cory J. agreed that the prohibition violated both ss. 7 and 15 and could not be justified.

[6] Despite the Court's decision in

Rodriguez

, the debate over physician-assisted dying contin- ued. Between 1991 and 2010, the House of Com- mons and its committees debated no less than six private member's bills seeking to decriminalize as- sisted suicide. None was passed. While opponents to legalization emphasized the inadequacy of safe- guards and the potential to devalue human life, a vo- cal minority spoke in favour of reform, highlighting the importance of dignity and autonomy and the limits of palliative care in addressing suffering. The Senate considered the matter as well, issuing a re- port on assisted suicide and euthanasia in 1995. The

(y compris une affection, une maladie ou un handi- cap) lui causant des souffrances persistantes qui lui sont intolrables au regard de sa condition. En con- squence, la Cour accueille le pourvoi.

II. Contexte

[5] Au Canada, quiconque aide ou encourage une personne se donner la mort commet un acte cri- minel : voir l'al. 241

b

) du

Code criminel

, L.R.C. 1985, c. C-46. Ainsi, une personne ne peut deman- der une aide mdicale mourir. Il y a 21 ans, la Cour a confirm par une faible majorit cette inter- diction gnrale de l'aide au suicide :

Rodriguez c. ColombieBritannique (Procureur gnral)

, [1993] 3 R.C.S. 519. S'exprimant au nom de cinq juges, le juge Sopinka a estim que l'interdiction ne con- trevenait pas l'art. 7 de la

Charte

, et que, si elle contrevenait l'art. 15, elle tait justifie au regard de l'article premier, car il n'existait pas de demi- mesure qui permettrait de garantir, avec toutes les assurances voulues la protection des personnes vulnrables (p. 614). Quatre juges se sont dits en dsaccord. La juge McLachlin (maintenant Juge en chef), avec l'appui de la juge L'Heureux-Dub, a exprim l'avis que l'interdiction violait l'art. 7 de la

Charte

et qu'elle n'tait pas justifie au regard de l'article premier. Le juge en chef Lamer a estim que l'interdiction violait l'art. 15 de la

Charte

et qu'elle n'tait pas sauvegarde par l'article premier. Le juge Cory a estim que cette interdiction con- trevenait la fois l'art. 7 et l'art. 15, et qu'elle ne pouvait tre justifie.

[6] Malgr l'arrt

Rodriguez

de notre Cour, le d- bat entourant l'aide mdicale mourir s'est pour- suivi. De 1991 2010, la Chambre des communes et ses comits ont dbattu pas moins de six projets de loi d'initiative parlementaire visant dcrimina- liser l'aide au suicide. Aucun n'a t adopt. Bien que les opposants la lgalisation aient soulign le caractre inadquat des garanties et la possibilit de dvalorisation de la vie humaine, une minorit s'est exprime nergiquement en faveur d'une r- forme, faisant ressortir l'importance de la dignit et de l'autonomie de la personne ainsi que la rduc- tion limite des souffrances par les soins palliatifs.

[2015] 1 R.C.S.CARTER

c

.CANADA (PROCUREUR GNRAL)

La Cour

345

majority expressed concerns about the risk of abuse under a permissive regime and the need for respect for life. A minority supported an exemption to the prohibition in some circumstances.

[7] More recent reports have come down in fa- vour of reform. In 2011, the Royal Society of Ca- nada published a report on end-of-life decision- making and recommended that the

Criminal Code

be modified to permit assistance in dying in some circumstances. The Quebec National Assembly's Select Committee on Dying with Dignity issued a report in 2012, recommending amendments to leg- islation to recognize medical aid in dying as ap- propriate end-of-life care (now codified in

An Act respecting endoflife care

, CQLR, c. S-32.0001 (not yet in force)).

[8] The legislative landscape on the issue of physician-assisted death has changed in the two decades since

Rodriguez

. In 1993 Sopinka J. noted that no other Western democracy expressly permitted assistance in dying. By 2010, however, eight juris- dictions permitted some form of assisted dying: the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Oregon, Washington, Montana, and Colombia. The process of legalization began in 1994, when Oregon, as a result of a citizens' initiative, altered its laws to permit medical aid in dying for a person suffering from a terminal disease. Colombia followed in 1997, after a decision of the constitutional court. The Dutch Parliament established a regulatory regime for as- sisted dying in 2002; Belgium quickly adopted a similar regime, with Luxembourg joining in 2009. Together, these regimes have produced a body of evidence about the practical and legal workings of physician-assisted death and th

Step by Step Solution

There are 3 Steps involved in it

Step: 1

blur-text-image

Get Instant Access to Expert-Tailored Solutions

See step-by-step solutions with expert insights and AI powered tools for academic success

Step: 2

blur-text-image

Step: 3

blur-text-image

Ace Your Homework with AI

Get the answers you need in no time with our AI-driven, step-by-step assistance

Get Started

Recommended Textbook for

Intellectual Property Law Text Cases And Materials

Authors: Tanya Aplin, Jennifer Davis

4th Edition

0198842872, 978-0198842873

More Books

Students also viewed these Law questions

Question

Statistical regression: Were extreme groups used?

Answered: 1 week ago