20.Consider News Story 2, "Research shows women harder hit by hangovers" and the accompanying Original Source 2. In the study, 472 men and 758 women, all of whom were college students and alcohol drinkers, were asked about whether they had experienced each of 13 hangover symptoms in the previous year.One of the statements in the Original Source was "men and women were equally likely to experience at least one of the hangover symptoms in the past year (men: 89%; women: 87%; chi-square statistic = 1.2, p = 0.282)"

1) State the null and alternative hypotheses for this result. null hypothesis

a)In the population of college students similar to the ones in this study, men and women will all experience at least one hangover symptom in a year.

b)In the population of college students similar to the ones in this study, men are half as likely to experience at least one hangover symptom in a year as women.

c)In the population of college students similar to the ones in this study, men and women are equally likely to experience at least one hangover symptom in a year.

d)In the population of college students similar to the ones in this study, men and women are not equally likely to experience at least one hangover symptom in a year.

e)In the population of college students similar to the ones in this study, women are half as likely to experience at least one hangover symptom in a year as men.

2) alternative hypothesis

a)In the population of college students similar to the ones in this study, men and women will all experience at least one hangover symptom in a year.

b)In the population of college students similar to the ones in this study, men are half as likely to experience at least one hangover symptom in a year as women.

c)In the population of college students similar to the ones in this study, men and women are equally likely to experience at least one hangover symptom in a year. d)In the population of college students similar to the ones in this study, men and women are not equally likely to experience at least one hangover symptom in a year.

e)In the population of college students similar to the ones in this study, women are half as likely to experience at least one hangover symptom in a year as men.

3) Given what you have learned in this chapter about how to state conclusions, do you agree with the wording of the conclusion, that men and women were equally likely to experience at least one of the hangover symptoms in the past year? If so, explain how you reached that conclusion. If not, rewrite the conclusion using acceptable wording.

a)Yes, the difference in the reported percentages is very small, so it is sufficient to conclude that men and women were equally likely to experience hangover symptoms.

b)Yes, the reported percentages are not the same, but the lack of statistical signficance means that they are effectively equal.

c)No, the difference in the reported percentages was statistically significant. The conclusion should have been "There was a significant difference in the proportions of men and women who experienced hangover symptoms." d)No, the reported percentages are not the same. The conclusion should have been "There was no significant difference in the proportions of men and women who experienced hangover symptoms."