28. The x-chart is used with the R-chart under the premise that both must be in control for the process to be in control. a. Central tendency and range b. Number of defects and proportion defective c. Randomness and proportion defective d. Process average and process variability e. None of the above 29. All of the following are characteristics of an effective product design process except a. increasing the design time for new products and services b. meeting customer requirements in the least costly manner c. matching product or service characteristics with customer requirements d. minimizing the number of revisions needed to make the design workable 30. All of the following are ways that companies can get ideas about products from competitors except a. benchmarking b. reverse engineering c. concurrent engineering d. perceptual maps 31. All of the following can reduce the time-to-market for new products except a. establishing multifunctional design teams b. making design decision concurrently rather than sequentially c. making design decisions sequentially rather than concurrently d. designing for manufacturability and assembly 32. Which of the following characteristics of services make service operating decisions more difficult? a. the perishability of services b. the intangibility of services c. the high customer contact of services d. all of the above 33. Comparing a product or process against the best-in-class is known as benchmarking. a. True b. False 34. Dismantling and inspecting a competitor's product to identify design features that might be used to improve your own product is known as reverse engineering a. True b. False