3. Judge the validity of the following argument structure.

P1: Either G or Not V

P2: Not V

C: Therefore, G

a. Valid, Disjunctive Syllogism b. Invalid. c. Can't Be Determined

4. Judge the validity of the following argument.

P1: If P then (both Q and R).

P2: Both Q and R

C: Therefore, P.

a. Valid, Modus Ponens

b. Invalid, Affirming the consequent

c. Invalid, Denying the antecedent

d. Valid, Modus Tollens

5. Judge the validity of the following argument structure.

P1: If (L and M) then (P and Q).

P2: Not (P and Q)

C: Therefore, not (L and M).

a. Valid, Modus Tollens

b. Invalid, Denying the antecedent

c. Valid, Modus Ponens

d. Invalid, Affirming the consequent

6. This professor must be a good teacher, since she uses podcasts.

" Which of the following could be the second premise that would make the above argument a valid instance of Modus Ponens?"

a. Some good teachers use podcasts

b. There is a statistically significant correlation between good teachers and podcast use

c. Only professors who use podcasts are good teachers

d. If professors uses podcasts, then they are good teachers.

7. "Bacteria do not have brains, so they can't be conscious."

Which of the following would be the second premise that would make the above argument a valid instance of Modus Tollens? a. Bacteria are only semi-conscious

b. Brains increase the likelihood of consciousness

c. My roommate smells like bacteria!

d. If something is conscious, then it has a brain.

8. "If Pluto should be a planet, then many insignificant celestial objects should be, and ____________________, so Pluto should not be a planet."

The missing premise in the valid instance of this argument above is:

a. Only a few insignificant celestial objects exist

b. Pluto is actually an insignificant celestial object

c. It's not the case that many insignificant celestial objects should be planets

d. If Pluto can be a planet, then why not Mickey!