3. Planning is the process of deciding what needs to be done to achieve organizational objectives; identifying when and how it will be done, and determining by whom it should be done. a. True b. False 4. Strategic planning is long-range, formulated by top management, and made as if the company operated in a vacuum a. True b. False RATIONALE: The lowest level of management uses operational planning 5. The lowest level of management is engaged in strategic planning process. a. True b. False