3. Rational choice theories propose that individuals consider the pros and cons of crime before they violate the law. Using techniques from CPTED - crime prevention through environmental design - devise an urban community approach to reduce violent crimes such as robbery, rape, and murder. 4. What factors may counteract or negate the theoretical bases of rational choice? Describe a crime or victimizationT MESTBANKS situation where rational choice would not apply ELLER.CO based on these factors. 5- According to Pogarsky and Piquero offenders may experience a "resetting effect." What is the "resetting effect" and does it apply to all types of criminals? Why or why not? 6. Two study methodologies are used to examine the deterrent effect of imprisonment: cross- sectional and longitudinal. Describe each of these methods generally, and how they are applied to studies of the effects of imprisonment. Which method would result in stronger evidence? 7. Beccaria proposed three main elements of deterrence. Name these elements and, using your knowledge of contemporary criminal justice case processing as a guide, apply them to the following crimes: white collar crime, disorderly conduct, and first-degree homicide. Based on your description, which of the three crimes would experience the greatest deterrent effect? 8. The social contract is the basis of many modern democracies. What is the social contract? How is it derived, and who participates in upholding it? 9. According to the classical school, human nature is based on free will. Is it accurate to say that all humans possess free will? Using examples from recent headlines, support your answer with a concrete example of why absolute free will is possible or impossible. 10. Cesare Beccaria provided many ideas on making the criminal justice system fair and effective. Which of the eight principles highlighted in the text do you believe is most important? Support your choice with an example of how that principle is applied in criminal justice today to ensure the system is iust and effective