3. Unfortunately, you have already completed your study, and so these options are no longer available to you. Now, if you do find that smoking history confounds the relationship between number of close social ties and self-reported wellbeing, what could you do to address it in the analysis phase? Name all possible options and describe how they would address confounding. The following 2X2 table summarizes the results of your stratification: Table 2: Summary Stratication 21:2 Tablas Smokers High Self-Reported Low Self-Reported Wellbeing Wellbeing Low number of close social ties 115 10 High number of close 58 40 soc1al has 173 50 NonSmokers Low Self-Reported Wellbeil'lg mghVSEEQEjEZDI-Ed $331\"?st of close 55 15 $321 ntiiiigber of close 37 50 102 75 4. Calculate the attributable risk for each stratum (ie for smokers and nonsmokers). 5. Is there a meaningful difference across the measures of association for each stratum? How do you know? 6. Given the answers to 7, would you proceed with calculating the adjusted measure of association to control for confounding by smoking status? Explain why or why not. 7. A colleague of yours suggests that smoking history may actually be an effect measure modifier. Define effect measure modification, and describe the difference between a confounder and an effect measure modifier in terms of how we would treat them in analyzing and reporting our study results