[40 Marks] Read the article below and answer all the questions that follow. Reflecting on building project collapses in Africa Building failure or collapse happens both in the developed and developing countries but the rate of occurrence in the developing country such as Nigeria is quite alarming and therefore is a cause for concern. The menace of building collapse in Nigeria is very alarming and appalling. Building collapse in Nigeria has become a norm and these are easily swept under the carpet whenever it occurs. It is rather unfortunate that both human and economic loss are recorded each time there is a failure or building collapse. There is also a lot of blame game among professional stakeholders in the industry once failure or collapse of building occurs. During this review, it was discovered that building materials such as reinforcing steel, cement, sand, granite, sand crete blocks and concrete play a huge important role in either the collapse or stability of buildings in Nigeria. These materials are so vital that they contribute immensely to the collapse of buildings. Upon conducting this review, it was concluded that 10-25% of buildings that collapse in Nigeria are as a result of the use of poorquality building materials. The recent case involved a building collapse in Ikoyi. Prowess Engineering Limited, the company that started the construction of the Ikoyi collapsed building, had allegedly warned the owner of the facility of dangers ahead before the collapse of the building. According to the media organization, the company allegedly withdrew its services on grounds that it no longer shared the same vision with its client believed to be Fourscore Heights Limited as addressed in the letter, which was titled, 'Re: Proposed Gerrard Terraces For Fourscore Limited,' and signed by the company's managing director, Muritala Olawale. It stated, "We couldn't guarantee the integrity of the third (collapsed building) from anything above the fourth floor. "This letter is to formally inform you of the withdraw of our structural consultancy service from the above named project. We arrived at this decision due to the fact that we no longer share the same vision with you as our client in terms of how the project is being executed. "We can guarantee the integrity of the first two buildings and also work done up to the fourth floor of the third building supervised by us provided specifications have been met in terms of the required concrete strength. "This we do not have control over as we do not have the concrete cube test results of each stage of the building till date. Also, note that we are not taking responsibility for any other construction errors that may have occurred overtime on the project. "Furthermore, we request that our company's name and logo be removed from the project board and also kindly notify all necessary approving authorities of our withdrawal from the project. "We regret this decision and the lost opportunity to do business together. We look forward to future cooperation in other projects." Extracted from: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1378/4/042022 Answer ALL the questions in this section. QUESTION 1 In light of the article provided, critically discuss the primary reasons why building projects have suffered from costly quality-related problems that have contributed to project failure. Your response should include relevant examples. 1.1 (20 marks) With reference to construction projects, explain project quality and examine the costs associated with managing quality. 1.2 (20 marks) SECTION B [60 Marks] Answer ANY THREE (3) questions in this section. QUESTION 2 [20 Marks] "Project quality management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to satisfy project stakeholder expectations. It particularly focuses on ensuring that the quality of project deliverables meets and exceeds customer requirements". Do you agree with this statement? Substantiate your answer with relevant theory and relevant examples. QUESTION 3 [20 Marks] Project Quality Management addresses the management of project deliverables of the project. It applies to all projects regardless of the nature of their deliverables. Modern quality management approaches seek to minimize variation and to deliver results that meet defined stakeholder requirements. In light of the statement provided, outline the main reasons why there has been a growing emphasis among project managers towards managing quality. QUESTION 4 [20 Marks] Using any examples of your choice, discuss how quality circles (continuous improvement) can be considered as a solution to quality challenges. Your response should highlight the objectives and benefits of the methodology. QUESTION 5 [20 Marks] As a quality consultant, you have been contracted to provide solutions to address quality-related challenges in certain projects. One of the primary tools that you have identified as essential is the Quality Function Deployment (QFD). Critically discuss how this tool will be effective in addressing the identified challenges. END OF PAPER