5.3 Strategies for Eco-Design and Sustainable Manufacturing Figure 3 shows that design for reduced use of resources is the most widely used strategy among the participating companies, accounting for 76% of responses. Strategies involving design for recycling. reuse or remanufacturing is the second most widely used sustainable design strategy accounting for 65% of responses, closely followed by design for reduced pollution and emissions (59%) and design for longer life (56%). Only 9% of the participants used other design strategies, and significantly only 3% of companies have not adopted any eco-design strategy. 100% Responses (%) 80% 40% 20% 0% Responses (%) C-Design for Reduced Pollution Emigra A-Design for Reduced Resource Use 2-Design for Recycl Remaneturing. 70% 100% 90% BON 70% CON SON Eco-design Strategies 65% 41% 5.4 Sustainable Manufacturing Strategies Figure 4 shows that there are two predominant sustainable manufacturing strategies being Implemented among the participating organizations, these are the strategies of using less raw materials and energy (81%), and the strategy of reducing waste and adopting cleaner production (79%). The strategy of utilizing sustainable, renewable materials and resources is the third most widely used (53%) and product stewardship, reverse logistics and closed loops strategles ranked fourth (25%). The proportion of participating companies that have not adopted any sustainable manufacturing strategies accounted for 3% of the responses. Sustainable Manufacturing Strategies 72% A-Usele raw material, water and 52% - Reduce weate, dener production C Figure 3: Eco-Design Strategies. C-Uustainable, renovable material D-Design for Longer Life E-Others F-No Sustainable Design Strategies E D-Product wardahig, ver lopaticalclosed looga E-No Sustainable manufacturing strategies adoled F-Others 5.5 Sustainability Goals and Objectives Figure 5 shows that measuring the environmental footprint of their products and processes was the most popular sustainability goal, accounting for 74% of responses, while training employees, suppliers or clients on sustainability was the second most popular goal (66%). The third and fourth most popular goals among the surveyed organizations were verifying the supply chain social performance (32%) and moving towards a service business model (25%) respectively. The proportion of participant business that did not have any sustainability goals was 6%, while 1% of the participants identified other sustainability business goals, such as seeking certification to ISO environmental or quality standards. Sustainability Goals Responses (%) 30 ap Chi 00% A-Maxsure the environmental folgent of products and process -Train employees, suppliers, clients on sustainab C-Verify supply chain social performance 33% D-Move towards service business model E-Nouta F-Dher Figure 5: Sustainable Manufacturing Strategies. Figure 6 shows the importance participants gave to a set of proposed supplier selection criteria sing a score from 1 to 4 as part of their sustainability strategies. Cost was regarded as the most Important criteria with a mean score of 3.47 / 4 followed by flexibility to meet new needs (3.08 / 4), leaving suppler's sustainability performance as the least Important criteria after long term relationship building, with an importance score of 2.46/4. Supplier Selection Criteria Importance Average Cot EAT Sustainability performance 156 Building Figure 6: Supplier Selection Criteria Importance Average. 6 DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 6.1 Driver, Barriere, Benefits and Risks for Eco-Design and Sustainable Manufacturing The survey results suggest that product design and manufacturing businesses in the UK recognise the important contribution of eco- product design to their longer term sustainability. In common with the findings of the literature review, the survey shows manufacturing businesses appear to be driven primarily by the need to comply with regulation and reduce risks. The results also suggest that legal or I. Business Case for Eco-Design and Sustainable Manufacturing Review the article "Making the Business Case for Eco-Design and Sustainable Manufacturing.pdf, posted in canvas in Modules -> Feb 28, 2019 Class, and answer the following questions: a. Define "eco/sustainable product design". b. Define "sustainable manufacturing". c. List three sustainable manufacturing strategies, and briefly explain how each strategy could contribute to sustainability. d. For the studied companies, what are the top three drivers for eco- design and sustainable manufacturing? e. What are their top three barriers? f. What are the top three eco-design strategies? g. What are the top three sustainable manufacturing strategies? h. How does "Sustainable Performance rank among the Supplier Selection Criteria? i. Based on the discussions and conclusions provided by the authors, what is your explanation for the reasons for their ranking