5a Imagine that you are counselling a client who is having difficulty in asserting his opinion at work. He has been overlooked for promotion as a result and would like to learn how to assert himself more. Describe one technique, based on social cognitive theory, that you could use to help this particular client.

5b Bobbie is in Prep. All of the children in his class live in a city. Once a month his class is visited by a farmer named Francie, who brings a different farm animal to visit the class. During one visit, Francie brought chickens. Most of the children in Bobbie's class own pets and have had similar experiences with animal handling during this class, yet not all of the children responded the same way to the chickens' visit. Several of the children were happy to touch and even hold the chickens, while many were reluctant to approach them. Bobbie, who recently saw his little brother get bitten by their pet bird, was scared by the chickens. His friend Julie, whose grandparents live on a farm, was not scared at all and tried to help Bobbie approach the chickens.

i) Using Bandura's social cognitive theory, briefly explain why Bobbie and Julie had different reactions to the chickens.

i) During the visit with the chickens, Bobbie watched several of his friends approach the chickens and pat them. They seemed to be having fun and none were bitten. Identify and analyse the potential impact watching his friends may have on Bobbie.

5c Briefly explain how a person learns an idea or behaviour according to the constructivist approach.

5d Vygotsky's sociocultural theory is particularly useful in understanding how we learn from others, including the ways that people in different environments and cultures learn very different skills, ideas, and ways of understanding the world.

i) Using Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, explain why counsellors should take context of learning into account when working with clients.

ii) Briefly explain the concept of scaffolding and how a counsellor may apply this concept when helping a client learn a new skill.

5e Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory offers a systemic view on the influences that impact on, and are impacted by, an individual's learning and development.

i) Using Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, briefly explain why counsellors should take context of learning into account when working with clients.