• 6 ECK plc is engaged in the development of an environmentally friendly personal transport vehicle. This will run on an electric motor powered by solar cells, supplemented by passenger effort in the form of pedal assistance. At the ned of the current account period, the following costs have been attributed to the project: (i) A grant of Tshs 500 million to the vocational training solar engineering department to encourage research. (ii) Costs of Tshs 1.2 billion expended on the development of the necessary solar cells prior to the decision to incorporate them in a vehicle. (iii) Cost of Tshs 5 billion expended on designing the vehicle and its motors, and the planned promotional and advertising campaign for its launch on the market on 12 months’ time. Required: (a) Explain, with reasons, which of the above items could be considered for treatment as deferred development expenditure, quoting any relevant international standard.