6. Previous research states, "no evidence currently exists supporting or refuting the use of electric fans during heat waves" in terms of mortality and illness. Counterintuitively, Public Health guidelines suggest not using fans during hot weather, with some research reporting the potential of fans accelerating body heating.

You decide to research further this seemingly contradictory guidance, hypothesizing that the true population proportion of heart and core temperature increases amidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels isless than39.8% and setting the level of significance at 1% for the formal hypothesis test. You randomly sample 37 participants based on your research funding and for 45 minutes, the study participants sit in a chamber maintained at a temperature of 108 degrees Fahrenheit (i.e., 42 degrees Celsius) and a relative humidity of 70%. At the end of the 45 minutes, you record for all participants if his/her heart and core temperature increased as compared to the start of the time period. The following table comprises the data you collect.

Subject Heart and Core Temperature Increased?

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 1

5 0

6 1

7 1

8 1

9 1

10 1

11 0

12 1

13 1

14 0

15 0

16 0

17 0

18 1

19 0

20 1

21 1

22 1

23 0

24 0

25 0

26 0

27 0

28 0

29 1

30 0

31 0

32 1

33 0

34 1

35 0

36 1

37 0

Per Step 1 of the 5-Steps to Hypothesis Testing, choose the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses, i.e. H₀and H₁, respectively, as well as the significance level, , pronounced as "alpha".

Please note that 0 and 1 are defined as no and yes, respectively, which is a typical coding scheme in Public Health.

Select one:

a. = 1%, H₀: p = 0.398, H₁: p < 0.398

b.H₀: p = 0.398, H₁: p 0.398, = 10%

c. = 5%, H₀: p < 0.398, H₁: p = 0.398

d.H₀: p 0.398, H₁: p = 0.398, = 10%

7. Previous research states, "no evidence currently exists supporting or refuting the use of electric fans during heat waves" in terms of mortality and illness. Counterintuitively, Public Health guidelines suggest not using fans during hot weather, with some research reporting the potential of fans accelerating body heating.

You decide to research further this seemingly contradictory guidance, hypothesizing that the true population proportion of heart and core temperature increases amidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels isless than22.2% and setting the level of significance at 10% for the formal hypothesis test. You randomly sample 24 participants based on your research funding and for 45 minutes, the study participants sit in a chamber maintained at a temperature of 108 degrees Fahrenheit (i.e., 42 degrees Celsius) and a relative humidity of 70%. At the end of the 45 minutes, you record for all participants if his/her heart and core temperature increased as compared to the start of the time period. The following table comprises the data you collect.

Subject Heart and Core Temperature Increased?

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 1

5 1

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 0

10 0

11 1

12 0

13 0

14 0

15 1

16 0

17 1

18 0

19 0

20 0

21 0

22 0

23 0

24 1

Per Step 2 of the 5-Steps to Hypothesis Testing, choose the appropriate test statistic.

Please note that 0 and 1 are defined as no and yes, respectively, which is a typical coding scheme in Public Health.

Select one:

a.z = (p₁- p₂) / [ p * (1 - p) * (1 / n₁+ 1 / n₂) ], where p₁= x₁/ n₁, p₂= x₂/ n₂, p = (x₁+ x₂) / (n₁+ n₂)

b.z = (X₁- X₂) / [ S_p* (1 / n₁+ 1 / n₂) ], where S_p= ( [(n₁- 1) * s₁²+ (n₂- 1) * s₂²] / [n₁+ n₂- 2] )

c.z = (X - ₀) / (s / n)

d.z = (p - p₀) / (p₀* (1 - p₀) / n), where p = x / n