61 Mobile computing devices, such as smartphones and tablet computers, are currently in the ________ stage of the product life cycle. A. decline B. growth C. embryonic D. mature Question 62 The critical path method helps determine ________. 1. the best long-term marketing strategy for a company 2. the particular tasks or activities that have significant effect on project time and cost 3. the most suitable structure for the organization 4. trends in consumer tastes and preferences Question 63 To speed innovation, many organizations have begun to ________. 1. adopt mechanistic organizational structures 2. increase the length of the organizational hierarchy 3. implement total quality management 4. move decision-making to lower levels in the organization Question 64 Which of the following is most likely to help an organization align the interests of their talented employees with those of the organization? 1. a tall organizational hierarchy 2. strongpropertyrights 3. mechanistic organizational structure 4. centralized decision-making authority Question 65 Which of the following statements is most likely to be true regarding the mature stage of a product life cycle? 1. During the mature stage, demand for a product is typically replacement demand because incremental innovation has resulted in a new generation of the product. 2. In a product life cycle, the mature stage is followed by the embryonic stage. 3. In a product life cycle, the mature stage comes immediately after the embryonic stage. 4. A product in the maturity stage has yet to gain widespread acceptance because the consumers are unsure about the value proposition offered by the product. Question 66 Which of the following terms best represents the knowledge building created when two or more individuals or subunits pool their resources and cooperate and collaborate across role or subunit boundaries? 1. economies of scope 2. information synergies 3. economies of scale 4. technical discontinuities Question 67 Which of the following tools is most likely to be used during project management? 1. BCG matrix 2. GANTTchart 3. GRIT model 4. Porter's five forces model Question 68 Which of the following tools is most likely to help managers develop a structured process for evaluating different new product development proposals and deciding which to support? 1. fishbone diagram 2. Pareto chart 3. critical path method 4. stage-gate development funnel Question 69 ________ technological change refers to the improvements that are continuously made to particular technologies over time. A. Quantum B. Incremental C. Normative D. Mimetic Question 70 A food manufacturer is experiencing coordination problems between its frozen food division and its canned food division. The main control problem is that each product requires an entirely separate system for ordering supplies, packaging the product, and storing the product upon completion. Which structure would help solve these coordination problems? 1. market structure 2. product division structure 3. geographic divisional structure 4. multidivisional structure Question 71 A matrix structure involves ________ vertical control from the formal hierarchy and ________ horizontal control from the use of integrating mechanisms. A. maximal; maximal B. minimal;minimal C. minimal;maximal D. maximal; minimal Question 72 In which of the following situation, servicing the needs of new kinds of customer groups and tailoring products to suit them are is most likely to be relatively difficult? 1. the organization uses matrix structure 2. the organization has a monopoly in its respective business 3. the organization uses functional structure 4. the organization operates in a rich environment Question 73 Large complex organizations that have many divisions often simultaneously make use of many different structures; that is, they operate with a ________ structure. 1. bureaucratic 2. hybrid 3. product divisional 4. market Question 74 The ________, the more complex the integrating mechanisms that managers need to use to control organizational activities. 1. fewer the number and type of the products manufactured by the company 2. fewer the number of levels in the hierarchy of the organization 3. higher the level of environmental richness 4. higher the level of differentiation Question 75 Which of the following is a disadvantage of a multidivisional structure? 1. Multidivisional structures are very expensive to operate. 2. It becomes difficult for corporate headquarters to identify the divisions in which an investment of capital will yield the highest returns. 3. A multidivisional structure is not suitable for an organization which produces a wide range of complex products. 4. A multidivisional structure decreases division of labor which ultimately decreases organizational effectiveness. Question 76 Which of the following is a divisional structure in which a centralized set of support functions services the needs of a number of different product lines? 1. multidivisional structure 2. market structure 3. product team structure 4. product division structure Question 77 Which of the following organizational structures is the foundation of horizontal differentiation? 1. product structure 2. functional structure 3. divisional structure 4. matrix structure Question 78 Which of the following will allow managers to regain control of their organizations when they decide to adopt a more complex structure? 1. increasing horizontal differentiation 2. decreasing vertical differentiation 3. increasingformalization 4. decreasingintegration Question 79 Which of the following structures is most likely to be the flattest? 1. matrix structure 2. mechanistic structure 3. bureaucraticstructure 4. transactional structure Question 80 According to Charles Perrow, task analyzability is the ________. 1. degree to which the actions of one person affect another person's ability to perform his or her tasks 2. degree to which search activity is needed to solve a problem 3. maximum number of tasks a worker is assigned 4. number of exceptions encountered while performing a task Question 81 The argument that technology determines structure is known as the ________. 1. external dependency 2. technologicalimperative 3. transaction cost imperative 4. resource dependency Question 82 The interactions of the members of a surgical operating team, the cooperative efforts of scientists in a research and development laboratory, and techniques developed by assemblyline workers are all examples of competences and technology at the ________ level. A. external resource B. organizational C. environmental D. functional Question 83 Which of the following statements is most likely to be true regarding a process that has a high technical complexity? 1. Outputs that result from such processes can be predicted accurately. 2. In such a process, work activities cannot be programmed in advance. 3. Such processes are very costly and they cannot be changed once established. 4. Such processes rely more on human skills and less on machines. Question 84 Which of the following statements is true regarding long-linked technology? 1. Long-linked technology is based on pooled task interdependence. 2. Long-linked technology is characterized by routine tasks. 3. Long-linked technology requires less direct coordination than mediating technology. 4. Employees working according to long-linked technology become highly skilled as they have to perform a wide range of tasks. Question 85 Which of the following statements is true regarding small-batch and unit technology? 1. The conversion process that results from this technology is typically flexible. 2. This technology is used in the production of oil-products and chemicals. 3. This technology is characterized by highest level of technical complexity. 4. This technology is used by companies to produce massive volumes of standardized products. Question 86 ________ is the technology that involves groups of skilled workers who interact closely to produce custom-designed products. A. Mass production B. Progressivemanufacturing C. Engineeringtechnology D. Craftswork Question 87 Lee jeans meets customer demand by sending computer requests from stores to the manufacturing departments as jeans sell out in stores. Lee's manufacturing department then pulls in raw materials, such as cloth and thread, from suppliers as it needs them. This information indicates that Lee uses ________. 1. computer-aided designing (CAD) 2. traditional mass production 3. computer-aided-materials management (CAMM) 4. six sigma strategy for managing quality of the products Question 88 Small-batch technology has a higher level of technical complexity than large- batch technology. A. True B. False Question 89 Intensive technology is characterized by a work process where input, conversion, and output activities are inseparable. A. True B. False Question 90 According to the principle of systems thinking, to create a learning organization, ________. 1. decision-making should be centralized 2. managers must recognize the effects of one level of learning on the others 3. middle and lower-level managers should be discouraged from risk taking 4. span of control should be narrow Question 91 By developing a knowledge management system, managers want to provide employees with a step by step procedure on how to solve problems. They want to do this because most of their problems are recurring events, and standard procedures work well. This information indicates that the organization is planning to implement a ________ approach to knowledge management. 1. personalization 2. systems thinking 3. codification 4. learningorganization Question 92 Programmed decisions are ________. A. unstructured B. repetitive C. novel D. creative Question 93 Satisficing occurs when decision makers ________. 1. evaluate all the possible courses of action and their consequences and select the optimal solution 2. conduct limited information searches to identify problems and alternative solutions 3. try to minimize conflict and reach a consensus without critical evaluation of alternative ideas or viewpoints 4. view two options as more dissimilar when evaluating them simultaneously than when evaluating them separately Question 94 Senge has argued that for organizational learning to occur, each of its members needs to develop a sense of personal mastery, by which he means that organizations should ________. 1. empower all employees and allow them to experiment and create and explore what they want 2. increase the extent of division of labor so that all employees become efficient at the tasks allocated to them 3. use centralized decision-making and ensure that only the top-management team has the decision-making authority 4. encourage managers to set ambitious goals for their subordinates Question 95 The design of a(n) ________ structure facilitates exploitative learning. A. mechanistic B. matrix C. organic D. product team Question 96 Which of the following organizational learning strategies, proposed by James March, involves organizational members searching for and experimenting with new kinds or forms of organizational activities and procedures to increase effectiveness? A. association B. exploration C. exploitation D. reciprocation Question 97 Typically, a codification approach to knowledge management is pursued when an organization needs to provide customized products or solutions to clients, when technology is changing rapidly, and when employees rely much more on know-how, insight, and judgment to make decisions. A. True B. False Question 98 Exploration involves organizational members learning ways to refine and improve existing organizational activities and procedures to increase effectiveness. A. True B. False Question 99 The quality of organizational decision-making is a function of the ________. 1. environment of the organization 2. value chain followed by the organization 3. diversity of the viewpoints that get considered 4. organizational core competences Question 100 One way to reduce uncertainty is to increase the number of specific and general environmental forces that are interconnected. Because, when forces begin to interact, the environment becomes more predictable. A. True B. False