7.3 What is the memory layout of the 16-bit value, 0x7654 in a big-endian 16-bit machine, and a little-endian 16-bit machine?

b. What would the layouts be in 32-bit machines?

7.19 A certain two-way set-associative cache has an access time of 4 ns, compared to a miss time of 60 ns. Without the cache, main memory access time was 50 ns. Running a set of bench-marks with and without the cache indicated a speedup of 90%. What is the approximate hit ratio?

7.20 A 128 MB main memory has a 64 KB direct-mapped cache with 16 bytes per line.

a. How many lines are there in the cache?

b. Show how the main memory address is partitioned.

7.21 A certain memory system has a 128 MB main memory and a 2 MB cache. Blocks are 32 bytes in size. Show the fields in a memory address if the caches is

a. associative

b. direct-mapped

c. 8-way set-associative