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There is a lot of research on the idea of financial literacy. One of the findings that is consistent across research papers is a positive correlation between mathematics knowled

$($numeracy$)$ and financial literacy. This finding means that...

People with higher levels of numeracy tend to have higher levels of financial literacy, and people with lower levels of numeracy tend to have lower levels of financial

literacy.

People with higher levels of numeracy tend to have lower levels of financial literacy, and people with lower levels of numeracy tend to have higher levels of financial

literacy.

A person's level of numeracy is not informative about their level of financial literacy.

Numeracy causes people to be more financially literate.

Financial literacy causes people to be more numerate.