a A. The main idea may appear at any place within each of the three paragraphs that follow. Write the number of each main idea sentence in the space provided. 1. Just as there are rules of the road for drivers of cars, trucks, and buses, there are rules of the sidewalk for pedestrians. The sociologist Erving Goffman points out that, for one thing. pedestrians on a sidewalk keep to their right, relative to an imaginary dividing line in the middle of the sidewalk. "Thus people sort themselves into lanes going in opposite directions, as on a vehicular roadway. "And people who are walking slowly often tend to stay closer to the buildings, while to their left, in a "passing lane." are the people who are moving more quickly, SAlso, like drivers, pedestrians scan the route ahead so that they can swerve around obstacles-say, a puddle or a hole in the walkway-and so that they will not collide with anyone else. "If a head- on collision seems possible pedestrians will make eye contact and maneuver to keep out of each other's way. "Goffman notes one obvious difference, though: rules of the road are often codified in laws and regulations, whereas rules of the sidewalk are informal social customs 2. "When labor-management disputes are reported on news broadcasts, listeners sometimes think that mediation and arbitration are simply two interchangeable words for the same thing. But mediation and arbitration are very different processes, with different outcomes, though both involve the use of a neutral third party. "In mediation, the third party (called a mediator) is brought in to assist in the negotiations so that the opponents will keep talking to each other. "Mediators can only make suggestions about how to resolve a dispute: neither side is obliged to accept them in arbitration on the other hand, the third party--the arbitrator-is called in to settle the issue, and the arbitrator's decision is final and binding on both sides. 3. 'A biological virus can attach itself to a human host cell and take charge. using the cell's functions to make the substances needed to form new virus particles, which then leave that cell and spread, repeating the process in other cells. Biological viruses cause many diseases--some minor, like the common cold; but some life-threatening, like polio or AIDS. 'Biological viruses may kill the host cell or make the cell itself malignant, or the virus may set off a dangerously violent response in the immune system. "Biological viruses reproduce and spread in various ways, and they may be very hard to (Continues on next page) 99 The main idea may appear at any place within each of the five paragraphs that follow. Write the number of each main idea sentence in the space provided. 1. 'One writer spent nine hundred hours over the course of eight years watching the action in singles bars and learning about male-female relationships Although men may think of themselves as the aggressors, says this writer, it is really women who make the decisions when a courtship is beginning. He has observed that women are the ones who pick a potential mate out of the crowd. "They position themselves near the man they've selected and, with a glance or a smile, invite him to make contact. Similarly, as conversation begins, the woman initiates each increasingly intimate stage. "Her continuing eye contact, moving closer, and touching the man all signal her permission for him to make further advances. In most cases, the woman's signals are so subtle that the man is only subconsciously aware of them. 2. 'In everyday advertising, one observes many obvious attempts to package and sell products and ideas (toothpaste, aspirin, presidential candidates) through clever tactics to influence consumers. "Many people daim that such blatant attempts at persuasion are so pitifully obvious that they are not much affected by them. Nevertheless, the sales of one cigarette brand increased seven times during a four-year period of heavy advertising. "A toy company increased its sales twenty-four times after it began to advertise extensively on television. And one venerable but nearly forgotten cereal brand experienced a sudden 30 percent increase in sales when a well-known natural-foods enthusiast began plugging this rather bland cereal. There are many other advertising success stories as well. It appears that tremendous numbers of consumers are influenced by advertising, despite their claims to the contrary 3. Pedal error occurs when the driver of an automobile mistakenly presses down on the accelerator instead of the brake pedal. "This leads to unintended acceleration, which, in turn, can frequently result in an accident. "It seems as though stepping on the wrong pedal would be an unlikely occurrence. However, an analysis of pedal error shows that this mistake is easier to make than you might think. "A driver sometimes turns his upper body a little to the left at the same moment that he moves his right foot toward the brake pedal. "The driver might turn his upper body to the right to look in the left (Continues on next page) 97 a A. The main idea may appear at any place within each of the three paragraphs that follow. Write the number of each main idea sentence in the space provided. 1. Just as there are rules of the road for drivers of cars, trucks, and buses, there are rules of the sidewalk for pedestrians. The sociologist Erving Goffman points out that, for one thing. pedestrians on a sidewalk keep to their right, relative to an imaginary dividing line in the middle of the sidewalk. "Thus people sort themselves into lanes going in opposite directions, as on a vehicular roadway. "And people who are walking slowly often tend to stay closer to the buildings, while to their left, in a "passing lane." are the people who are moving more quickly, SAlso, like drivers, pedestrians scan the route ahead so that they can swerve around obstacles-say, a puddle or a hole in the walkway-and so that they will not collide with anyone else. "If a head- on collision seems possible pedestrians will make eye contact and maneuver to keep out of each other's way. "Goffman notes one obvious difference, though: rules of the road are often codified in laws and regulations, whereas rules of the sidewalk are informal social customs 2. "When labor-management disputes are reported on news broadcasts, listeners sometimes think that mediation and arbitration are simply two interchangeable words for the same thing. But mediation and arbitration are very different processes, with different outcomes, though both involve the use of a neutral third party. "In mediation, the third party (called a mediator) is brought in to assist in the negotiations so that the opponents will keep talking to each other. "Mediators can only make suggestions about how to resolve a dispute: neither side is obliged to accept them in arbitration on the other hand, the third party--the arbitrator-is called in to settle the issue, and the arbitrator's decision is final and binding on both sides. 3. 'A biological virus can attach itself to a human host cell and take charge. using the cell's functions to make the substances needed to form new virus particles, which then leave that cell and spread, repeating the process in other cells. Biological viruses cause many diseases--some minor, like the common cold; but some life-threatening, like polio or AIDS. 'Biological viruses may kill the host cell or make the cell itself malignant, or the virus may set off a dangerously violent response in the immune system. "Biological viruses reproduce and spread in various ways, and they may be very hard to (Continues on next page) 99 The main idea may appear at any place within each of the five paragraphs that follow. Write the number of each main idea sentence in the space provided. 1. 'One writer spent nine hundred hours over the course of eight years watching the action in singles bars and learning about male-female relationships Although men may think of themselves as the aggressors, says this writer, it is really women who make the decisions when a courtship is beginning. He has observed that women are the ones who pick a potential mate out of the crowd. "They position themselves near the man they've selected and, with a glance or a smile, invite him to make contact. Similarly, as conversation begins, the woman initiates each increasingly intimate stage. "Her continuing eye contact, moving closer, and touching the man all signal her permission for him to make further advances. In most cases, the woman's signals are so subtle that the man is only subconsciously aware of them. 2. 'In everyday advertising, one observes many obvious attempts to package and sell products and ideas (toothpaste, aspirin, presidential candidates) through clever tactics to influence consumers. "Many people daim that such blatant attempts at persuasion are so pitifully obvious that they are not much affected by them. Nevertheless, the sales of one cigarette brand increased seven times during a four-year period of heavy advertising. "A toy company increased its sales twenty-four times after it began to advertise extensively on television. And one venerable but nearly forgotten cereal brand experienced a sudden 30 percent increase in sales when a well-known natural-foods enthusiast began plugging this rather bland cereal. There are many other advertising success stories as well. It appears that tremendous numbers of consumers are influenced by advertising, despite their claims to the contrary 3. Pedal error occurs when the driver of an automobile mistakenly presses down on the accelerator instead of the brake pedal. "This leads to unintended acceleration, which, in turn, can frequently result in an accident. "It seems as though stepping on the wrong pedal would be an unlikely occurrence. However, an analysis of pedal error shows that this mistake is easier to make than you might think. "A driver sometimes turns his upper body a little to the left at the same moment that he moves his right foot toward the brake pedal. "The driver might turn his upper body to the right to look in the left (Continues on next page) 97