A company is confident it knows the exact estimate of demand for the normal buyer, which for the most part are homogeneous. Which of the following pricing policies would provide the lowest profit (producer surplus) for the company?

a. First-degree price discrimination

b. second degree discrimination, with two prices, one that is larger for initial items made and a lower price for any additional items

c. Two-part pricing, via a fixed fee and a unit price

d. Block-Pricing