A conflict of interest may occur if a member performs a professional service for a client or employer and the member or his or her firm has a significant relationship with another person, entity, product, or service that could, in the member's professional judgment, be viewed by the client, employer, or other appropriate parties as impairing the member's objectivity. Which of the following situations could be viewed as impairing a member's independence?

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a) A member has a significant financial interest, is a member of management, or is in a position of influence in a company that is a major competitor of a client for which the member performs management consulting services.

b) A member has been asked to perform litigation services for the plaintiff in connection with a lawsuit filed against a client of the member's firm.

c) A member provides tax or PFP services for several members of a family who have the same interests.

d) A member refers a PFP or tax client to an insurance broker or other service provider

e) Both a. and b.

f) Both c. and d.