A court of appeals in the Ninth Circuit issues a written opinion in the case of Jones v. Smith. That opinion becomes precedent:

(a) For all state and federal courts in the Ninth Circuit.

(b) For all federal courts in the United States.

(c) For all federal courts in California only.

(d) For all state and federal courts in California only.

(e) For all courts in the United States, except for the U.S. Supreme Court.