A disadvantage of participative budgets is that

$($a$)$ upper level management is likely to have the best estimates for budgeted quantities

$($b$)$ lower level managers may build slack into their respective budgets

$($c$)$ it involves the fewest number of individuals

$($d$)$ managers are not as motivated because they are working with budgets that they did not create

$($e$)$ None of the above is a disadvantage