A) Expectancy theory explains that employees are likely to consider 3 three things when choosing what behaviors to engage in: expectancy, instrumentality, and valence. Describe each of them then describe a hypothetical situation in which all three of these terms align to yield high motivation.

B) Imagine that Alex in a manager at a local organization. Alex is trying to describe which of their top four employees to promote. Name three "pitfalls in decision making" that may influence Alex's decision. Define each of those pitfalls and explain how they relate to Alex's promotion decision.