A graduate student hypothesizes that PSYC 104 students will have higher GPAs at the end of the semester if they attend weekly research presentations given by the Psychology Department faculty. To determine whether the weekly research presentations are associated with higher end of semester grades, the graduate student will randomly assign some PSYC 104 students to attend the weekly research presentations throughout the semester. To have the proper control group, the graduate student wants to ensure: that all PSYC 104 students attend the weekly research presentations that some PSYC 104 students do not receive an invitation to the weekly research presentations that the instructors do not know which students attend the weekly research presentations and which do not that there is a clear operational definition for the weekly research presentation content