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(a) Graph a: ZXY (b) Graph b: ZXY and ZY (c) Graph c: ZXY and ZWXY and ZWUY (d) Graph d: ZWXY Which of the
(a) Graph a: ZXY (b) Graph b: ZXY and ZY (c) Graph c: ZXY and ZWXY and ZWUY (d) Graph d: ZWXY Which of the following graphs satisfy the exclusion restriction using Z as an instrument for the effect of X on Y ? Select all that apply
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