A manager applied leadership theory to the way that he directed the organization, and found some improvement in organizational performance. The manager noticed how some individuals seemed to flourish and perform better than others, and began to evaluate his own relationships with the individuals, rather than just the way he led the organization "in general." The manager's new concern would be an example of applied:

systems and networks theory.

vertical dyad linkage theory.

social capital.

external locus of control.