(A) New products are generally manufactured in small quantities before mass production is launched, a process known as pre-production which we will study in more detail later in the course. However, briefly explain why carrying out pre-production appears to be sensible when considering future: (i) production planning, (ii) product testing, (iii) reduction of waste. [3 marks]

(b) Mention one serious consequence of failing to implement design for manufacture (DFM). [1 mark]

(c) An electronic amplifier circuit has its voltage gain (G) set by the ratio of two resistors, R1 and R2, where G = R2 / R1 (R2 divided by R1). R1 has a nominal (i.e. marked) value of 1 k with a 2% tolerance and R2 has a nominal value of 10 k with a 2% tolerance. Based only on this information, undertake a worst-case design analysis for the amplifier circuit. Furthermore, comment on two additional features that must also be considered in a wider worst-case design analysis. [6 marks]