a)

Provide a review of the most important risk measures available for assessing the risk of a portfolio. Explain what the advantages and disadvantages of each metric are.

Give an overview of the latest regulatory guidelines in terms of which measures to use and which one to decommission, and the rationale behind these guidelines.

b) Give an overview of the main types of orders you can have within a financial market in terms of executing a transaction.

Make sure to explain the characteristics in each case and what are the similarities and the differences.

Further, explain the difference between quoted and effective spreads. Comment on when the two will be equal and provide an example.