A recent headline reads "Early Language Skills Reduce Preschool Tantrums, Study Finds,"⁵⁸and the article offers a potential explanation for this: "Verbalizing their frustrations may help little ones cope." The article refers to a study that recorded the language skill level and the number of tantrums of a sample of preschoolers.

(a)

Is this an observational study or a randomized experiment?

(b)

Can we conclude that "Early Language Skills Reduce Preschool Tantrums"? Why or why not?

(c)

Give a potential confounding variable.