A researcher was interested in examining two different research questions. He wanted to know if 298 African engineer immigrants' levels of American patriotism were affected by levels of self-efficacy. He also wanted to know if there were significant differences between students' levels of self-efficacy, based on their ethnicity (Kenya, Egyptian, Tanzania, and Sudan). The researcher used the Bigham's Patriotic Index (BPI) - a standardized survey whose attributes ranged from 0 to 4 (never through always) - to measure patriotism levels. Psychometric properties for the BPI included content validity and Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient. To measure self-efficacy, he used the Tar's Self-Efficacy Instrument (TSEI); this standardized survey had a range of 1 to 4 (strongly agree to strongly disagree). This scale was tested using construct and discriminant validity, as well as inter-rater reliability and Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient. Lastly, participants were asked to identify their East African ethnicity (Kenya, Egyptian, Tanzania, and Sudan). The researcher hypothesized the following: (1) higher levels of self-efficacy would lead to higher levels of American patriotism. (2) Kenyan students would have the highest levels of self-efficacy. After conducting preliminary analysis, he found that there was no significant difference between his sample and the general population of Americans with East African ethnic identities; ultimately, no relevant characteristics were overrepresented or underrepresented. All procedures were conducted ethically in this study. 1. Develop a one-tailed research hypothesis for the first research question. 2. Develop a two-tailed research hypothesis for the second research question. 3. Write the null hypothesis for both research questions. 4. Who is the target population to which study results will be generalized? 5. Discuss the type of study that was conducted, and explain why this is so. 6. Identify the DV and the IV in both research questions. 7. Conceptualize the IV for the first research question. 8. Operationalize the DV. 9. Operationalize the IV for the first research question. 10. Label the levels of measurements for all three variables examined. Furthermore, explain why these levels of measurements are appropriate and why the other levels of measurement are not appropriate; be sure to do this for ALL variables. 11. Discuss the psychometric properties of the instruments used in this study. 12. Discuss whether or not this sample is representative of the population, and explain why this is so