A school principal is interested in a new method for teaching eighth-grade social studies, which he believes will increase the amount of material learned. To test this method, the principal conducts the following experiment. The eighth-grade students in the school district are grouped into pairs based on matching their IQs and past grades. Twenty matched pairs are randomly selected for the experiment. One member of each pair is randomly assigned to a group that receives the new method, and the other member of each pair to a group that receives the standard instruction. At the end of the course, all students take a common final exam. The following are the results:

a.What is the alternative hypothesis? Use a directional hypothesis. b.What is the null hypothesis? c.Using ?=0.051 tail, what is your conclusion? d.What error may you be making by your conclusion in part c? e.To what population does your conclusion apply?