A start-up biomedical engineering firm has begun manufacturing a drug-coated bimetallic stent, which is a thin wire mesh tube inserted in clogged coronary arteries to prop them open and prevent future heart attacks. Now that the firm has received final approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and manufacturing is currently in progress, identify which of the following costs of manufacturing the stents is avoidable costs (and thereforenotsunk cost):

Group of answer choices

Costs of running clinical trials to win FDA approval to begin making and selling the stent to cardiologists

Set-up cost incurred to install the manufacturing equipment and to train workers to operate the equipment

Biomedical research and development costs to design the heart stent

Legal costs of filing a patent application

Cost of the drug, high-grade stainless steel, and titanium used in making the stents