a$.$ The growing involvement of private institutions and civil organizations in the

provision of public goods has made the definition of public sector difficult.

Required: Discuss $5$ ways by which public institutions can be distinguished from

private institutions.

$(10$ marks$)$

b$.$ In Public Financial Management financial statements are used mainly as management

tools for purposes of decision$-$making.

Discuss the importance of financial reports to the following users of Public

Sector financial statements?

i$.$ Tax payers

ii$.$ Regulatory authorities

iii. The media

$(5$ marks$)$

Total: $15$ marks

Question $3$

a$.$ Compare and Contrast the following budgeting approaches

i$.$ Line$-$item budgeting and Zero$-$based budgeting

ii$.$ Performance budgeting and Planning and Programme based budgeting

$(12$ marks$)$

b$.$ Discuss any $3$ advantages of the Zero$-$based budgeting approach in comparison

with the Line$-$item budgeting approach

$(3$ marks$)$

Total: $15$ marks

Question $4$

a$.$ Distinguish between the following Public Private Partnerships. Your discussion must

include among others, the nature of the arrangement, who finances and project and

ownership

i$.$ Concession and Management Contract

ii$.$ Design$-$Build$-$Operate and Design and Build

b$.$ Discuss $3$ potential benefits of PPP $(3$ marks$)$

Total: $15$ marks

Question $5$

Fund Accounting is one of the techniques used in the Public Sector. Three broad categorics of

fund accounting can be used namely:

Governmental funds

Proprietary funds and

Fiduciary funds.

Required:

a$.$ Clearly explain the differences between these three categories of funds

$(12$ marks$)$

b$.$ Using examples from Ghana, identity at least one existing fund in the Ghanaian

public sector and classify them under the general categories and types of funds.