ABC assigns costs to products by tracing expenses to "activities". Each Product is charged based on the extent to which it used an activity. The primary objective of ABC is to assign costs that reflect/mirror the physical dynamics of the business provides ways of assigning the costs of indirect support resources to activities, business processes, customers, products. It recognises that many organisational resources are required not for physical production of units of product but to provide a broad array of support activities. Cost of a product is the sum of the costs of all activities required to manufacture and deliver the product. Products do not consume costs directly. Money is spent on activities which are consumed by product/ services.

31 What are uraemic frost conditions?

32 What is the role of terlipressin or novapressin in the management of hepatorenal syndrome?

33 What is the rationale of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in chronic renal disease?

34 What procedure is recommended for post renal transplant if this is the second graft?

35 Do the cysts in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (PCKD) undergo malignant transformation and in what percentage?

36 In a 69-year-old patient with a 2-cm hard prostatic nodule on digital rectal examination, what is the more appropriate way to make a definitive diagnosis of prostate cancer: prostate biopsy or serum prostatespecific antigen (PSA)?

37 A 50-year-old patient complains from slight lower urological symptoms (mild difficulty in urination). By digital rectal examination a mass of (1) hypertrophy can be palpated. His family history contains cases of prostate cancer (in some relatives). What is the next investigation to do in this patient? Titration of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA): Is it useful in such a patient? Why? Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)? TRUS-guided needle biopsy?

38 What are the causes of urinary incontinence in the elderly?

39 For how long could urinary retention persist after major gastrointestinal tract surgery? Will cholinesterase inhibitors be of benefit in enhancing emptying of the bladder?

40 1. What are the possible causes of a large, white kidney? 2. What is the physiological significance of a giant cell?