Abstracts ~ like the one above - represent a compressed version of the whole article: introduction. body and conclusion - without the detail or evidence which is introduced and discussed in the body of the article and summed up in the conclusion. This sentence signals the topic of the paragraph to the reader. These 2 sentences identify the issue or problem that the writers will address. These 2 sentences ('We argue ...' 8: "In this paper...") identify both the More argument and the plan for the paper. Note the use of the personal pronoun (\"we\") which is not acceptable in some disciplines but is often acceptable and regularly used in Business writing. Writing Styles In Economics in Economics assignments. writing styles tend to vary greatly. and there are many different forms of economics. In quantitative economics. the writing content tends to be focused on gures and equations. This writing style is disciplineuspeclc and very direct: Excerpt from a quantitative economics journal: We introduce a numerical algorithm for solving dynamic economic models that merges stochastic simulation and projection approaches: we use simulation to approximate the ergodic measure of the solution, we cover the support of the constructed ergodic measure with a xed grid. and we use projection techniques to accurately solve the model on that grid. The construction of the grid is the key novel piece of our analysis: we replace a targe cloud of simulated points with a small set of \"representative" points. We present three altemative techniques for constructing representative points: a clustering method. an :- distingulshable set method. and a locally-adaptive variant of the s-distingulshabte set method. As an illustration. we solve one- and multi-agent neoclassical growth models and a large-scale new Keynesian model with a zero lower bound on nominal interest rates. The proposed solution algorithm is tractable in problems with high dimensionality (hundreds of state variables} on a desktop computer. In economies. writing can also conform to a more traditional academic style which incorporates frequent use of references to support points. The Australian welfare state ls often seen as representing an ideal compromise: small but effective. Unlike some of the effective. but larger. European welfare states. it does not overwhelm public nances. but unlike the low-taxing American welfare state. it provides genuinely egalitarian benets. it somehow represents the best of both worlds and it does so by targeting its redistributive effort at those most in need (Whiteford and Angenent 2002; Whiteford 2010; Alexander 201011; Harteher 2011}. Public opinion research shows that this Australian welfare system of 'lowtax egatitarianism' (Alexander 201m1 1) has strong public support (Wilson. Spies-Butcher and Stabbing 2009). There are those. however. who think that the once-fit Australian welfare state has become abby. It has suffered a form of 'middleaged spread'. a bulge around the middle. Whether or not it has grown or shrunken overall. the welfare state has lost some of its redistributive oomph. While agreeing on this analysis of the trends. these critics are motivated by very different priorities. From the Left, some object on equity grounds that 'middle-class welfare' detracts from the system's redistributive force. They would reduce middle-class welfare so that redistribution can focus more on what they take to be the truly disadvantaged: age pensioners: sole parents; low income workers; the unemployed: and those with a disability (Hamilton. Downie and Lu 2007; Megalogenis 2008; Gittins 2009, 2010) Abstracts ~ like the one above - represent a compressed version of the whole article: introduction. body and conclusion - without the detail or evidence which is introduced and discussed in the body of the article and summed up in the conclusion. This sentence signals the topic of the paragraph to the reader. These 2 sentences identify the issue or problem that the writers will address. These 2 sentences ('We argue ...' 8: "In this paper...") identify both the More argument and the plan for the paper. Note the use of the personal pronoun (\"we\") which is not acceptable in some disciplines but is often acceptable and regularly used in Business writing. Writing Styles In Economics in Economics assignments. writing styles tend to vary greatly. and there are many different forms of economics. In quantitative economics. the writing content tends to be focused on gures and equations. This writing style is disciplineuspeclc and very direct: Excerpt from a quantitative economics journal: We introduce a numerical algorithm for solving dynamic economic models that merges stochastic simulation and projection approaches: we use simulation to approximate the ergodic measure of the solution, we cover the support of the constructed ergodic measure with a xed grid. and we use projection techniques to accurately solve the model on that grid. The construction of the grid is the key novel piece of our analysis: we replace a targe cloud of simulated points with a small set of \"representative" points. We present three altemative techniques for constructing representative points: a clustering method. an :- distingulshable set method. and a locally-adaptive variant of the s-distingulshabte set method. As an illustration. we solve one- and multi-agent neoclassical growth models and a large-scale new Keynesian model with a zero lower bound on nominal interest rates. The proposed solution algorithm is tractable in problems with high dimensionality (hundreds of state variables} on a desktop computer. In economies. writing can also conform to a more traditional academic style which incorporates frequent use of references to support points. The Australian welfare state ls often seen as representing an ideal compromise: small but effective. Unlike some of the effective. but larger. European welfare states. it does not overwhelm public nances. but unlike the low-taxing American welfare state. it provides genuinely egalitarian benets. it somehow represents the best of both worlds and it does so by targeting its redistributive effort at those most in need (Whiteford and Angenent 2002; Whiteford 2010; Alexander 201011; Harteher 2011}. Public opinion research shows that this Australian welfare system of 'lowtax egatitarianism' (Alexander 201m1 1) has strong public support (Wilson. Spies-Butcher and Stabbing 2009). There are those. however. who think that the once-fit Australian welfare state has become abby. It has suffered a form of 'middleaged spread'. a bulge around the middle. Whether or not it has grown or shrunken overall. the welfare state has lost some of its redistributive oomph. While agreeing on this analysis of the trends. these critics are motivated by very different priorities. From the Left, some object on equity grounds that 'middle-class welfare' detracts from the system's redistributive force. They would reduce middle-class welfare so that redistribution can focus more on what they take to be the truly disadvantaged: age pensioners: sole parents; low income workers; the unemployed: and those with a disability (Hamilton. Downie and Lu 2007; Megalogenis 2008; Gittins 2009, 2010) The following graph shows changes in chocolate consumption in Australian adults between 1970 and 2009. Changes in chocolate consumption in Australian adults* OHNWAUIa 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 Age 18-25 . Age 26-33 Age 34+ *This information is not intended to be accurate; demonstration only. If you were asked to describe this bar-chart, you would probably be expected to describe the changes in chocolate consumption levels for each age-group from 1970 to 2009. Example: "Chocolate consumption among adults aged 35 and over remained stable between 1970 and 1989, but increased dramatically between 1999 and 2009". Here is some useful vocabulary for describing some changes in bar-charts, graphs & tables. UP - (Verbs): rise, increase, grow, go up, improve, jump, surge, shoot up , soar, rocket UP - (Nouns): a rise, an increase, growth, an upward/rising/increasing trend, an improvement, a jump, a surge DOWN - (Verbs): fall, decrease, drop, decline, go down, slump, plummet DOWN - (Nouns): a fall, a decrease, a decline, a downward/falling/decreasing trend, a slump NO CHANGE - (Verbs): remain stable/constant, stay at the same level, stabilize FREQUENT CHANGE - (Verb): fluctuate FREQUENT CHANGE - (Noun): fluctuation AT THE TOP -(Verbs): reach a peak, peak, reach its/their highest point AT THE BOTTOM -(Verbs): reach/hit a low (point), hit/reach its/their lowest point (Adapted from: Describing charts and graphs. Retrieved from http://oppematerjal.sisekaitse.ee/eppleibur/describing_graphs/)Writing for Business: To conjure up an image of business writing, just think about the last newspaper ad, magazine cover, Super Bowl commercial or even work proposal you looked at. All these different mediums are great examples of writing for business. Their proposal is hopefully enticing, their benefits are clearly stated and the creator intends that it will compel the viewer to say yes to something or make a purchase. Corporate reports and finely developed marketing material pieces are other good examples of the methods of business writing. It is characterized by the use of formal wording and written in a clear and concise manner. This ensures there will be little room for reader interpretation. The writer only wants to provide facts. This formal tone allows the writer to separate themselves from the content or product allowing it to sell itself. Of course, a cordial tone is still necessary to build trust and not alienate the reader. Business writing pieces relay information as a matter-of-fact. Using a minimalist approach, the writer states what is necessary and little else. Often seen as one-dimensional, business writing dictates information and does not take into account the reader's experience level. The style of writing is concise and crisp as it is based upon sheer facts and does not need to be lengthy. There are no ornate styles for decorating the content and cold facts serve the purpose very well. Business writing has to be clear and concise which necessitates it to be short in length. The audiences in case of business writing can be varied. 12 Using models of good business writing To understand what good business writing looks like, it's useful to see a model which will show you some or most of the typical features of business writing. Below is an abstract from the Academy of Management journal. Kryskinski, D & Ulrich, D. (2015), MAKING STRATEGIC HUMAN CAPITAL RELEVANT: A TIME-SENSITIVE OPPORTUNITY, Academy of Management Perspectives, Vol. 29, No. 3, 357-369. This sentence signals the The domain of strategic human capital is emerging at the topic of the paper to the intersection of strategy and strategic human resource reader. management. Because it is still in the development phase, its core underlying assumptions have not yet solidified. This The next 2 sentences identify the issue of presents a unique and time-sensitive opportunity to explore problem that the writers and challenge these core assumptions and, specifically, to will address evaluate whether these assumptions mesh with the lived This identifies both experiences of practicing managers. We argue that now is the the writers' argument and plan for the time for the field to ground itself in practical phenomena so paper. Note the use of that its insights moving forward can be both academically the personal pronoun we" not acceptable rigorous and practically relevant. In this paper we illustrate the in some discipline writing, but is often problems of theory for the sake of theory by systematically acceptable in Business writing comparing the assumptions required in firm-specific human capital theory against the lived experiences of workers and This is the 2%# part managers. We then identify several phenomena that present of the writers' plan. new and useful opportunities to expand theory in the strategic human capital domain. Abstracts - like the one above - represent a compressed version of the whole article: introduction, body and conclusion - w ussed in the body of the article, and summed up in the conclusion. To read this paragraph in an alternative format, see below: The domain of strategic human capital is emerging at the intersection of strategy and strategic human resource management (1). Because it is still in the development phase, its core underlying assumptions have not yet solidified. This presents a unique and time-sensitive opportunity to explore and challenge these core assumptions and, specifically, to evaluate whether these assumptions mesh with the lived experiences of practicing managers (2). We argue that now is the time for the field to ground itself in practical phenomena so that its insights moving forward can be both academically rigorous and practically relevant (3). In this paper, we illustrate the problems of theory for the sake of theory by systematically comparing the assumptions required in firm-specific human capital theory against the lived experience of workers and managers. We then identify several phenomena that present new and useful opportunities to expand theory in the strategic human capital domain (4).How to Write Well in Economics: The following tips for writing well in economics come from Greg Mankiw's biog. He is an Economies Professor at Harvard University :Stay focused. Remember the take-away points you want the reader to remember. If some material is irrelevant to these points. it should probably be out. )Keep sentences short. Short words are better than long words. Monosyllabic words are best. >The passive voice is avoided by good writers. )Avoid jargon. Any word you don't read regularly in a newspaper is suspect >Never make up your own acronyms. >Avoid unnecessary words. For instance. in roost eases. change \"in order to\" to \"to" \"whether or not\" to Whether" "is equal to" to \"equals\" >Avoid \"of course. "clearly.\" and \"obviously.\" Clearly. if something is obvious. that fact will. of course. be obvious to the reader. >The word \"very" is very often very unnecessary. >Remember two basic rules of economic usage: "Long run" {without a hyphen) is a noun. \"Long-nin" (with a hyphen) is an adjective. Same with "short-run.\" I'Saving' {without a terminal 3) is a ow. I'Savings" (with a terminal 5) is a stock. :Buy a copy of Strunk and White's Elements of Style. Also, William Zlnsser's On Writing Well. Read themagain and again and again. >Keep it simple. Think of your reader as being your college roommate who majored in English literature. Assume he has never taken an economics course. or if he did. he used the wrong textbook. >Put details and digressions in footnotes. Then delete the footnotes. (Adapted from: Mankiw, G. (2014}. Greg Mankiw's Blog. Random Observations for Students of Economics. Retrieved from httpjrgregmankiw.blogspotoomaulZDGBrtnmowttmwr'rtewellhtml)