According to an independent study, Zara books some $85$ percent of its products at full price compared to the industry average markdown ratio of $50$ percent. This is made possible by:

a$.$

applying data analytics to purchase trends.

b$.$

the practice of having limited production runs of its designs.

c$.$

leveraging contract manufacturers to produce only staple items with longer shelf$-$lives, which account for one$-$eighth of dollar volume.

d$.$

keeping a major part of the production processes under direct proprietary control.

e$.$

coordinating the outbound shipments of all Inditex brands with return legs loaded with return materials and half$-$finished items.