According to the case study please answer all the questions:
- Introduction
- What kinds of problems is Watson able to solve? How useful a tool is it for knowledge management and decision making? Give example.
- Do you think Watson will be as useful in other industries and disciplines as IBM hopes? Will it be beneficial to everyone? Explain your answer with example.
- Conclusion
- Refrences with DOI and URL
drive, so that Watson could find the data it needed within three seconds. based on raw big data enterprises send to Watson. IBM Watson Explorer is a cloud service that will Watson is able to learn from its mistakes as well provide a unified view of a user's information, as its successes. To solve a typical problem, Watson facilitating the revelation and sharing of data-driven tries many of the thousands of algorithms that the insights. Watson Health is a cloud-based service that team has programmed it to use. The algorithms will make it easier for healthcare companies to ana- evaluate the language used in each clue, gather lyze large stores of patient data. information about the important people and places Some of the earliest applications for Watson mentioned in the clue, and generate hundreds of have been in health care, where medical informa- solutions. Human beings don't need to take such tion doubles every three years and in 2020 will be a formal approach to generate the solutions that doubling every 73 days. Physicians won't be able fit a question best, but Watson compensates for to keep abreast of that volume of information, but this with superior computing power and speed. IBM believes Watson can. Watson is able to read If a certain algorithm works to solve a problem, and understand all this information in context and Watson remembers what type of question it was become an assistant to medical professionals. and the algorithm it used to get the right answer. In In September 2011, WellPoint Inc., the largest U.S. this way, Watson improves at answering questions healthcare provider, with 34.2 million members, over time. Watson also learns another way - the enlisted Watson for an Interactive Care Reviewer team gave Watson thousands of old Jeopardy! ques- application designed to determine if physicians' tions to process. Watson analyzed both questions requested treatment meets the guidelines of the and answers to determine patterns or similarities company and a patient's insurance policy. The between clues, and using these patterns, it assigns application combines data from electronic patient varying degrees of confidence to the answers it records maintained by a physician or hospital, the gives. insurance company's history of medicines and treat- Although Watson was only able to correctly ments, and Watson's huge library of textbooks and answer a small fraction of the questions it was ini- medical journals. According to WellPoint vice presi tially given, machine learning allowed the system to dent Elizabeth Bingham, Watson initially took too continue to improve until it reached Jeopardy! cham- long to "learn" Well Point's policies, but IBM was ablecontinue to improve until it reached Jeopardy! cham- pion level. IBM terms Watson's ability to interpret long to "learn" WellPoint's policies, but IBM was able speech and text, rapidly mine large volumes of data, to improve the system by revising the Watson train- answer questions, draw conclusions, and learn from ing routine for WellPoint, and the Interactive Care its mistakes cognitive computing. Reviewer has been rolled out to 1,600 healthcare providers. IBM sees its investment in Watson as a stepping In 2012, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer stone to broader commercial uses of its Al technol- ogy, including applications for health care, financial Center began work on a Watson for Oncology services, or any industry where sifting through large application to recommend personalized cancer amounts of data (including unstructured data) to treatments, using data from Sloan Kettering's clinical database of more than a million patients, answer questions is important. Watson is expected to 500 medical journals and textbooks, and 12 mil- become more useful and powerful by learning from lion pages of medical literature. Currently, the new sets of experts in new fields of knowledge. In system offers recommendations for lung, breast, January 2014, the company created a new division, and colorectal cancers and is expanding to gastric- the Watson Business Group, with 2,000 employees. related cancers. Once Watson for Oncology has IBM has invested more than $1 billion in this group a patient's information, it can instantly search and has allocated one-third of its overall research through medical literature from all over the world efforts to Watson. to identify the literature that is most relevant IBM is developing new cloud-based products based to that patient's specific cancer and prioritize on Watson's cognitive intelligence and capabilities. potential treatment options (color-coded for risk IBM Watson Discovery Advisor is aimed at the phar- and confidence) based on the evidence and the maceutical, publishing, and education industries patient's health record. The system understands and will wade through search results to deliver data context. If Watson reads in notes that a breast can- faster and help researchers formulate conclusions. cer patient's sister had a mastectomy, the system IBM Watson Analytics is a cloud-based service that knows that's an indication of family history even provides insights, including visual representations, though the word family may not appear. Watsonis able to present an analysis in about 15 min- utes that would typically take humans months to to bid on or to determine the requirements for develop. competing for a contract. Genesys, which provides Using Watson for Oncology turned out to be customer experience and call center technology solu- more complex than originally envisioned. For tions, is building a platform that allows clients to call into a bank and interact with Watson. The software instance, Sloan Kettering oncologist Dr. Mark Kris understands and uses natural language to offer assis- displayed a screen from Watson that listed three tance and even recommends products based on the potential treatments, but Watson was less than conversation. 32 percent confident that any of them were correct. IBM has aggressively been moving away from But progress is genuine, and Watson for Oncology hardware and focusing on cloud-based analytic and is now used at a number of hospitals worldwide, artificially intelligent software. Although Watson including Bumrungrad International Hospital in is one key to IBM's future, analysts believe it's not Bangkok and Manipal Hospitals in seven cities in growing fast enough to offset the weakness in its India as well as Memorial Sloan Kettering in New legacy computer and consulting businesses. CEO York. Additional Watson oncology-related solutions Virginia Rometty is hoping Watson will bring in are being used at MD Anderson Cancer Center and $1 billion in revenue annually by 2018 but states that the Cleveland Clinic. it is too early to break out financial results for the In November 2013, IBM announced it would Watson unit because the company is still growing the make Watson technology available via the Internet product. as a cloud service that could be used by many dif- In order to effectively commercialize the technol- ferent industries. IBM opened parts of the system ogy, IBM will need to expand Watson's knowledge to outside developers to create businesses and domains, and this is its greatest challenge. Turning mobile applications based on cognitive comput- Watson into a useful business tool requires an enor- ing. A Watson Developer Cloud provides tools and mous amount of work. Watson has to learn the termi-methodologies for developers to work with a Wat- nology and master the domains of expertise in man son system, a content store supplying both free and different areas, including health care and scientific fee-based data for new applications, and about 500 research, understand the context of how that lan- subject matter experts from IBM and third parties. guage is used, and learn how to correlate questions IBM has also made Watson easier and less expen- with the correct answers. Watson can't come up yet sive to use. with its own ideas. The Watson Health Cloud launched in 2015 is a IBM will have to be careful not to oversell what secure platform where corporations and researchers Watson can do so that Watson does not end up like can build systems and exchange data. Initial indus- other artificial intelligence systems where expec- try partners are Johnson & Johnson, Medtronic, tations were way overblown. Making machines and Apple. Johnson & Johnson will use Watson that beat humans at chess or a TV game is much to personalize patient care before and after knee easier than solving problems in the real world. and hip replacements. Medical equipment maker According to Curt Monash, president of Monash Medtronic wants to use Watson to spot diabetes Research, Watson hasn't yet overcome the hurdle patients trending toward trouble, automatically that derailed AI in the 1980s, when it was only able adjust insulin doses from its devices, and send to capture very small pieces of a limited knowledge alerts to care providers and the patients. Apple and domain for a single-purpose use. Watson is having Under Armour are using Watson analytics to deci- more trouble solving real-life problems than Jeop: pher the deluge of data from connected watches andy! questions. Watson's basic learning process and fitness bands. requiring IBM engineers to master the technicali- Other industries are starting to use Watson as well. ties of a customer's business and translate those The U.S. Air Force is developing an intelligent sys- requirements into usable software has been very tem to help government procurement officials man- arduous. It remains to be seen whether the com- age the Federal Acquisition Regulation, consisting of plexity of establishing a body of knowledge and 1,897 pages of documents. The number and complex- training an intelligent system is repeatable and ity of the documents make it virtually impossible scalable for other types of work and whether it for an individual to understand in order to answer creates opportunities for differentiation and com- a specific question. Businesses will be able to query petitive advantage. Watson is very much a work inSources: Christian Davenport, " IBM's Watson Supercomputer May Have Met Its Match: The Federal Procurement Mess, " Los Angeles CASE STUDY QUESTIONS Times, March 26, 2016; International Business Machines Corpora- 11-13 How powerful is Watson? Describe its technol- tion, "Form 10-K Annual Report," February 23, 2016; Greg Bens- ogy. Why does it require so much powerful Inger, "IBM CEO: Too Soon to Break Out Watson Revenue," Wall hardware? Street Journal, June 1, 2016; Virginia Lau, "How Watson for Oncol- ogy Is Advancing Cancer Care," Medical Marketing & Media, April 11-14 How "intelligent" is Watson? What can it do? 19, 2016; John Markman, "IBM Makes Its Big Data Play," Forbes, What can't it do? July 11, 2016; Greg Slabodkin, "CVS Taps IBM Watson for Predic 11-15 What kinds of problems is Watson able to tive Analytics," Information Management, August 3, 2015; Steve Lohr, "IBM Creates Watson Health to Analyze Medical Data, " New solve? How useful a tool is it for knowledge York Times, April 13, 2015; Mohana Ravindranath, 'How IBM Is management and decision making? Trying to Commercialize Watson," Washington Post, May 11, 2014; 11-16 Do you think Watson will be as useful in other Spencer E. Ante, "IBM Struggles to Turn Watson Computer into Big industries and disciplines as IBM hopes? Will Business, " Wall Street Journal, January 7, 2014; Michael Goldberg, it be beneficial to everyone? Explain your "Five Things to Know About IBM Watson, Where It Is, and Where answer. It's Going," DataInformed, January 14, 2014; and Larry Dignan, "IBM Forms Watson Business Group: Will Commercialization Fol- low?" ZDNet, January 9, 2014.Does IBM's Watson Have a Future in Business? CASE STUDY In February 2011, an IBM computer named Watson lines of text and data, pick up nuances of meaning made history by handily defeating the two most dec- and context, and rank potential responses for a user orated champions of the game show Jeopardy!, Ken to select, all in less than three seconds. Jennings and Brad Rutter. Watson was named after The hardware for Watson used in Jeopardy! con- IBM's founder, Thomas J. Watson, and its achieve- sisted of 10 racks of IBM POWER 750 servers running ment marked a milestone in the ability of computers Linux with 15 terabytes of RAM and 2,880 processor to process and interpret human language. cores (equivalent to 6,000 top-end home computers) The Watson version used in Jeopardy took 20 IBM and operated at 80 teraflops. Watson needed this engineers three years to build at an $18 million labor amount of power to quickly scan its enormous data- cost and an estimated $1 million in equipment. The base of information, including information from the project's goal was to develop a more effective set of Internet. To prepare for Jeopardy!, the IBM research- techniques that computers can use to process natural ers downloaded more than 10 million documents, language-language that human beings instinctively including encyclopedias and Wikipedia, the Internet use, not language specially formatted to be under- Movie Database (IMDB), and the entire archive of stood by computers. Watson had to be able to register The New York Times. All of the data sat in Watson's the intent of a question, search through millions of primary memory, as opposed to a much slower hard
