According to the Saltzer and Schroeder paper that was assigned for reading, proposals that advocate performance gains by caching access control decisions could negatively impact security. In fact, there is a well known problem called time$-$of$-$check$-$time$-$of$-$use $($TOCTOU$)$ vulnerability that arises due to such performance gains. Caching of access control decisions could violate

Group of answer choices

fail$-$safe defaults.

open design.

complete mediation.

least privilege.