Activity 2: Starry Navigation Dung beetles are beetles that feed on feces. Certain dung beetles, known as rollers, roll dung into round balls, which are used as a food source or breeding ,, - chambers. ' African ball-rolling dung beetles survive by exploiting the sun, the moon, and the celestial polarization pattern to move along straight paths, away from the intense competition at the dung pile. Even on clear moonless nights, many beetles still manage to successfully orientate along a straight path by using the stars as celestial visuals cues. In one study, the nocturnal African dung beetle (Scarabaeus satxrusl, was placed on top of a dung ball at the center of a wooden platform. Each beetle was timed (in seconds) to see how long it took to get from the center to the edge ofthe platform on a moonless starry night. Some beetles were fitted with a black cardboard cap which obscured their view of the sky, but not of the edge of the platform. Other beetles were fitted with a clear transparent cap so that they had a view of both the sky and the edge of the platform. Table 1: Summary statistics: Time needed to complete the task on a wooden platform* Treatment Sample Size Mean (seconds) Standard Deviation (seconds) Group 1: cardboard cap n 124.5 30.76 Group 2: transparent cap *Assume both samples meet the normality requirement Research Question: Does the data suggest that, on the average, the cardboard cap group took longer to complete the task than the transparent cap group? Analysis 1. What statistical procedure should be used in the data analysis? Include reasoning. 2. What is the sample estimate for the parameter of interest when comparing the cardboard cap group to the transparent cap group? 3. Write out the hypotheses that correctly match the statement found in the research question when using proper statistical notation. H03 Ha