Advocates of the move say it would increase global vaccine production, but drugs manufacturers argue it will not have the desired effect.

Critics say it strips financial rewards from cutting-edge drug developers.

The decision by US President Joe Biden comes amid pressure from Democrats in his party to remove patent protections.

In announcing the new policy, US Trade Representative Katherine Tai said that "extraordinary times call for extraordinary measures".

Ms Tai said the US would now embark on negotiations at the WTO to try to secure the waiver, but warned this could take time.

India and South Africa were the leading voices in a group of about 60 countries which for the last six months has been trying to get the patents on vaccines set aside.

One hundred of the WTO's 164 states are said to be in favour, and a panel on intellectual property is expected to discuss the issue next month.

If approved, supporters say, the waiver would allow production of vaccines to be ramped up and provide more affordable doses for less wealthy countries.

The countries in favour of the move met with strong opposition from the previous US administration of Donald Trump, the UK and the EU. Mr Biden had proposed a waiver during the 2020 presidential election campaign.

What is intellectual property?

Intellectual property describes creations, such as inventions, which are protected by patents, copyrights and trademarks. These prevent copying and allow the originator to be financially rewarded.

Patents give innovating firms a short-term monopoly on production to cover the costs of development and encourage investment.

Biotech firms argue that such protection has provided incentives to produce Covid vaccines in record times.

What would the waiver mean?

Many developing countries have argued that rules requiring countries to protect patents and other forms of intellectual property are an obstacle to increasing the production of vaccines and other products needed to tackle the pandemic.

Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, head of the WHO, called the US decision "historic" and said it marked "a monumental moment in the fight against Covid-19".

The medical NGO, MSF - Doctors Without Borders - said the move would "increase sufficient and timely access to these lifesaving medical tools as Covid-19 continues to ravage countries across the globe."

Calls for a vaccine patent waiver come as lower income countries face acute vaccine shortages.

MSF points out that many of the low-income states where it operates "only received 0.3 percent of global Covid-19 vaccine supply while the US has secured enough doses to protect its entire population".

India, which was shipping vaccines to other countries, has now had to cancel exports as it grapples with surging coronavirus cases and falls behind on its vaccination targets.

But pharmaceutical companies have voiced their opposition to a waiver, insisting that patents are not the primary obstacle, and cautioned that the move could stifle innovation.

The head of the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations, Thomas Cueni, told the BBC's Today programme that technology transfer should not be enforced.

"I'm deeply concerned if you hand this over and allow companies to try to get it done the right way, safe and high quality, you could compromise the quality and safety of vaccines which we see now and it would be disruptive."

He said Western pharmaceutical companies were already sharing technology on a voluntary basis.

"The bottlenecks right now are trade barriers, preventing companies from moving their goods from one country to another. It is shortages and scarcity in the supply chains, which need to be addressed. And it is also right now the disappointing unwillingness of rich countries to early share doses with the poor countries.

"None of this is addressed with the patent waiver."

Dr Amesh Adalja, senior scholar at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, told the Reuters news agency that the waiver "amounts to the expropriation of the property of the pharmaceutical companies whose innovation and financial investments made the development of Covid-19 vaccines possible in the first place".

What has the reaction been?

European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen said "the EU is also ready to discuss any proposals that address the crisis in an effective and pragmatic manner".

French President Emmanuel Macron has changed his position, now saying he is "absolutely in favour".

A UK government spokesperson said the UK was "working with WTO members to

resolve this issue" and was "in discussions with the US and WTO members to facilitate increased production and supply of Covid-19 vaccines".

The head of the World Health Organization called the US announcement a "monumental moment" in the fight against Covid-19.

The prospect of a waiver hit shares in the pharmaceutical companies Pfizer, Moderna and Novavax.

Some experts say pharmaceutical companies would also need to share know-how, such as production techniques, with poorer countries to have any real beneficial effect.

Licensing agreements are another way of boosting production.

One of the largest Covid vaccine producers is the Serum Institute of India which manufactures the Oxford-AstraZeneca jab under a licensing agreement with the Anglo-Swedish company.

Reaction from Pfizer

Pfizer claimed that the proposed waiver "incorrectly portrays IP as a barrier to rapid innovation, R&D collaboration and access to Covid-19 vaccines and other products".

Pfizer argued IP protections had encouraged an "unprecedented amount of innovation" and that removing them would "send the wrong message" to those looking for vaccines for the next pandemic.

It also claimed waiving patents "would not speed up vaccine production" but would have a counterproductive effect in the current pandemic "particularly if companies begin to buy up scarce inputs in the hopes of manufacturing a vaccine using technology developed by others".

"Manufacturing of our vaccine involves the use of over 280 materials," Pfizer said.

"These materials come from 86 suppliers in 19 different countries.

"If any one of the 280 different components from suppliers, however trivial, is not provided, we cannot manufacture or release the vaccine."

"Greater demand pressures on inputs from new market entrants will make it harder, not easier, to manufacture Covid-19 vaccines in the near term."

Pfizer argued waiving patents "may invite copycat medicines from suppliers that lack the knowhow to manufacture vaccines safely", which could expose patients to "unsafe products" and could "potentially undermine public confidence in vaccine safety".

Answer in Essay format:

1. IdentifyconceptsfromourcourseBusiness Policy 4400 thatcanbeusedasaframeworkforunderstandingtheprimary issue facing this company.
2. Applytheseconceptstothesituationdescribedinthecase.
3. Supplementyouranalysiswithotherconceptsandexamplesfromsecondaryresearchsources(e.g., how have other companies dealt with similar challenges?).