After a scandal involving an emissions$-$defeating scandal, leading officials at Volkswagen have dedicated themselves to operating their business ethically. Ways in which the company can encourage ethical behavior include all the following except $\_\_\_\_\_\_.$

Group of answer choices

holding ethics training sessions

setting up ethics hotlines to advise employees who are unsure how to handle questionable situations

requiring that ethical behavior be profitable

formalizing a corporate code of ethics

promoting open decision making