After reading Chapter 7 in the text, reviewing the PowerPoint presentation, and watching the supplementary videos, list 5 pieces of advice you would give an aspiring actor/actress, singer, model, etc. Your advice can be tips, strategies, recommendations, warnings, etc. After each piece of advice, give the page number or slide number that prompted you to give this advice. (In other words, your advice should be based on the content of Chapter 7, not just your general opinion.)

book mix it up popular culture ,mass media and society

example

• Piece of Advice #1: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
• Reason: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
• My advice is based on the information on page #/slide #: xxxxxxxxxxxxxx

powerpoint slide

Mix it up: Popular Culture, Mass Media, and Society Chapter 6: Nobody Knows How The Media and Culture Industries WorkSmall Budgets with Big Stars . Residuals refer to compensation paid to actors when their work appears in re-runs, syndication, streaming, etc. Residuals are based on gross income, not profit. . Actors are usually paid a salary for their work in films and television. Bigger stars sometimes negotiate a smaller salary in exchange for a percentage of the profits or for residuals. . Ethan Hawke was paid a small salary in exchange for his role in The Purge, but he negotiated for a percentage of the profits. The movie budget was $3 million. It made $34 million in its opening. After profits, Hawke ended up making over $2 million for his work in the film, a figure the studio could not have paid upfront with only a $3 million budget. Ryan Reynolds starred in Deadpool in exchange for a $2 million salary and a percentage of the profits. (He was also one of the producers. ) He ended up earning over $10 million for the film. Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz were two of the earliest performers to negotiate this type of deal. . Drake was a little known actor when he was cast as Jimmy Brooks on DeGrassi: The Next Generation. In 2017, Drake posted a check for $8.25 on his Instagram. The check was a residual payment for his work on the show.An Industry Rife with Misconduct . Considering what we've learned so far, do you see opportunities for misconduct? . Talent agents, casting agents, etc. are in a position of power. They help the hopefuls get "in" with production companies. Abuse of this power led to the term "casting couch," which refers to the sexual demands made of aspiring performers in exchange for being cast in a movie or television show. Studio heads, producers, lead actors/ actresses wield an extraordinary amount of power. The same is true in the music and television industries. Harvey Weinstein is an excellent example of someone who held people's careers in his hands. For decades, even well- known actresses were too afraid to speak up. Sexual misconduct isn't the only type of unethical or illegal behavior that occurs in the process of producing pop culture items. Media corporations have been caught paying radio disc jockeys to play specific songs on the air. Payola - the practice of paying radio stations and/or disc jockeys to feature certain songs or artists. Payola was outlawed in 1960, so media corporations hired independent record promoters. Independent record promoters - Independent record promoters were individuals hired by the record companies to pass money along to radio stations and disc jockeys. The money did not technically come from the media companies, so the practice did not violate the payola laws. This practice was outlawed 2006. Similar practices are still employed, but cannot legally involve cash payments. Instead, for example, a movie company might invite film critics to a lavish, all-expenses-paid press junket in return for previewing and hyping an upcoming movie.Minimizing Financial Risk with Reality Television, Game Shows, and True Crime . Remember, decision-making in the culture industry is based on minimizing financial risk Financial Advantages of Alternative Types of Television: 1. Relatively inexpensive to make . Example: The Big Bang Theory's top 3 stars each made over $25 million in 2018. They are set to earn another $10 million each year from residuals. Example: Contestants on The Bachelor earn $0 for participating. Their contracts don't even cover the cost of clothes or make-up. 2. Allow for shorter, low-commitment runs . Example: Murdaugh Murders - Deadly Dynasty is a true crime mini-series that consists of 3 episodes, compared to the typical 20+ episodes per season for a standard crime drama.Minimizing Financial Risk with Reality Television, Game Shows, and True Crime . Financial Advantages of Alternative Types of Television: 3. Easy to increase revenue by using product placements Example: TV's The Biggest Loser had branded placement deals with Subway and 24- Hour Fitness. The show would feature contestants eating Subway food and discussing its nutritional yalue or working out at 24-Hour Fitness while discussing the convenience of the gym's hours. Game shows feature sponsor products as prizes 4. Entrepreneurial Labor and Student Interns . What fashion student wouldn't want to intern for America's Next Top Model? And what aspiring musician wouldn't want to intern for MTV or Rolling Stone magazine? Unfortunately, unpaid internships often do not teach job-specific skills. Instead, they require students to file, make copies answer the phones, etc. The company gets free labor and the student gets 'paid' by allowing them to be on set and observe the process. Example: Huffington Post does not compensate its freelance writers and other contributors. The publication claims the exposure provided by its platform should be compensation enough. Studio musicians, songwriters, etc. are sometimes contracted to work for royalties, or a percentage of the earnings generated by their products. In the royalty system, media companies are only obligated to pay their creative artists after their work pays off. The worker bears the risk if the product isn't profitable.Ch. 6 - Terms, Concepts, and Theorists Terminology: Concepts: . Minimization of Risk . Hopefuls . Six roles in the production of popular culture items Input Boundaries Why do media corporations need blockbusters? Input Boundary Spanners . How do secondary markets contribute to a pop culture item's Output Boundary Spanners overall profit? Gatekeepers Power Differentials and Opportunities for Misconduct Surrogate Consumers Financial Advantages to Alternative Types of Television Overproduction Secondary Markets Residuals Royalties Casting Couch Payola . Independent Record PromotersHow Does The Culture Industry Work? . Production firms exert a great deal of effort trying to predict winning movies, televisions shows, songs, etc. Yet not all predicted hits do well and not all predicted bombs do poorly . After The Avengers earned more than $1.5 billion worldwide, 20th Century Fox released Fantastic Four. Fantastic Four cost $120 million to make but only earned $56 million at the US box office. . 50 Shades of Grey was made for $40 million and panned by critics, who called it "tedious" and said it "feels like its own form of torture." However, the film went on to earn $571 million worldwide.How Does The Culture Industry Work? . Production companies know the outcomes of their investments are unpredictable. . Decision-making is driven by minimization of risk, much like an insurance company decides who to insure. . Remember, the culture industry is about profit.The Organization of the Media Industries . The production of any pop culture item (movie, song, book, magazine, etc. ) is made up of several roles: 1. Hopefuls - Enormous pool of aspiring actors, musicians, performers, models, etc. who hope to make it big. 2. Input Boundary - Those in the industry who decide which hopefuls get selected. 3. Input Boundary Spanners - People who make connections for the hopefuls with corporate firms. Boundary spanners include talent agents, managers, casting directors, etc. 4. Mass Media Companies - Companies who manufacture a variety of cultural products. They must then market these items using commercials, websites, magazine covers, entertainment television programs, etc. 5. Output Boundary Spanners - People who make connections for the media companies with the gatekeepers. Output boundary spanners are in-house support personnel who selectively champion their firm's most promising films/albums/etc. This group includes publicists, press coordinators, sales representatives, etc. 6. Gatekeepers - gate keepers create the output boundary. They are people responsible for selecting and promoting a small number of the items produced by the media companies. Gatekeepers include televisions news producers, movie reviewers, book critics, social media influencers, magazine publishers, etc. Gatekeepers chose which items they want to feature on their shows/magazines/websites/etc.Gatekeepers . Gatekeepers create the output boundary. They decide which movies, books, songs, artists, etc. to feature on their shows/websites/magazines/etc. For example, the producers of Entertainment Tonight determine which movies will get a segment on their show. By featuring a movie, they are promoting it to the viewing audience. . As a result, the primary audience for movies, books, and music is not everyday people but gatekeepers, because the gatekeepers determine which items will get promoted. . Gatekeepers serve as Surrogate Consumers . They make choices on behalf of their readers & viewers . By promoting some items and not promoting others, they are "choosing" which items the viewing public is likely to watch.The Need for Blockbusters . Overproduction - media industries traditionally flood the marketplace with a diverse array of content In 2015, 708 movies were released in the US and Canada. Most never made a dime. In order for a movie company to succeed, blockbusters and surprise "sleeper hits" must generate enough profit to cover the losses incurred by everything else. . Unfortunately, blockbusters are nearly impossible to predict. Generally speaking, past blockbusters suggest a predictable, low-risk formula for creating a blockbuster: Instant brand recognition Existing popularity Youth appeal Expensive, computer-generated graphics Dumbed-down dialogue . Explosive pyrotechnics But films using this formula can still fail (refer to Fantastic Four on slide 2)Music Industry Blockbusters Technological changes with streaming have created greater need for "blockbuster" stars and songs within the music industry . Pop music "superstars," the top 1% of artists, generate 77% of all profits earned in the music industry. . Today's popular music is less likely to be created by musicians and more likely to be created in the studio using pre-recorded beats and instruments. Studio writer-producers include Max Martin, Dr. Luke, and Stargate . Max Martin's list of #1 songs includes: Pink - So What The Weeknd - Can't Feel My Face Justin Timberlake - Can't Stop the Feeling Taylor Swift - We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together . Stargate's list of #1 songs includes: Beyonce - Irreplaceable Katy Perry - Firework Rihanna - Rude Boy, What's My Name?, SAM . These songs emphasize craft-like precision and a conventional formulaThe Secondary Market . Secondary Market all opportunities to generate profit from a cultural product beyond its domestic sale in its original format . International market Syndication {for television shows} Licensing to cable channels such as HEIDI 'H'ideo Game tieins Merchandising [t-shirts. action figures. stuffed plushies. toys, etc. Companies can collaborate on items, such as the Darth \"Tater\" yersion of Mr. Potato Head] Use of songs in advertisements The Secondary Market . Companies enhance their profits using secondary markets . Secondary Market - all opportunities to generate profit from a cultural product beyond its domestic sale in its original format . International markets Syndication (for television shows) . Licensing to cable channels such as HBO . Video Game tie-ins . Merchandising (t-shirts, action figures, stuffed plushies, toys, etc. Companies can collaborate on items, such as the Darth "Tater" version of Mr. Potato Head) . Use of songs in advertisements