After reading this information, write 400 wo rds answering the questions provided after the given passage.

**IRS Restructuring (1998):** The IRS underwent a significant overhaul in 1998, prompted by the Internal Revenue Reform and Restructuring Act. This restructuring aimed to prioritize customer needs, resulting in the creation of four main operating divisions tailored to different taxpayer groups and a shared services division. The massive effort involved over a hundred thousand employees and successfully established the new structure.

**Brookhaven National Laboratory Restructuring:** The Brookhaven National Laboratory underwent restructuring due to environmental concerns and public pressure. The new management introduced administrative directorates, increasing administrative influence over scientific research priorities despite initial resistance from scientists.

**Key Dimensions of Organizational Structure:** Research identifies key dimensions of organizational structure including size, centralization, specialization, and interdependence of subsystems. Larger organizations tend to be more structurally complex but may have less administrative overhead. Centralization is crucial for exploring new activities, while specialization and hierarchies influence integration and operation.

**Challenges and Considerations in Public Organizations:** Understanding public organizations involves considerations of administrative burdens, red tape, and misperceptions in decision-making. Research explores the impact of technology, tasks, and strategic choices on organizational structure, highlighting the need for effective adaptation to complex challenges.

**Organizational Designs and Challenges:** Various organizational designs exist, from machine bureaucracies to holacracy, each with unique advantages and challenges. Public sector challenges in adopting these designs are discussed in relation to private entities, emphasizing heavier regulations and structural constraints in public organizations.

**Impact of Social Media on Public Organizations:** Social media platforms play a significant role in enhancing communication and citizen engagement in government initiatives. Government 2.0 integrates social media for participatory governance, presenting challenges and opportunities for public management in fostering transparency and operational efficiencies.

**Motivation in Public Organizations:** Motivation in public organizations is influenced by factors like job satisfaction, external oversight, and institutional constraints. Theories like Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and Expectancy Theory offer insights into understanding and enhancing motivation in the workplace.

**Promoting Autonomous Motivation:** Fostering autonomous motivation involves providing autonomy, support, and structured tasks. Public organizations face challenges in maintaining motivation due to constraints on autonomy and external influences. Aligning individual and organizational values is crucial for enhancing motivation and performance.

1. Identify three Content and Two Process Theories of motivation and explain them in 200 wo rds;
2. Identify and explain in 200-300 wo rds: which theories offer most effective reward systems with better outcomes/performance. Why and How?