Albert works for an organization based in Columbus, Ohio, where he also lives. His salary is $$85,000$ a year. Albert is offered a transfer to the company's main office in London. However, the cost of living in London is much higher than in Columbus, which means that Albert's salary will not be enough to maintain his same standard of living. Albert is facing the issue of

a$.$ pay transparency.

b$.$ exchange rate dissonance.

c$.$ a flexible reward system.

d$.$ a participative pay system.

e$.$ expatriate compensation.