Alfonso began the year with a tax basis in his partnership interest of $$30,000.$ His share of partnership liabilities at the beginning and end of the year consists of $$4,000$ of recourse liabilities and $$6,000$ of nonrecourse liabilities. During the year, he was allocated $$40,000$ of partnership ordinary business loss. Alfonso does not materially participate in this partnership, and he has $$1,000$ of passive income from other sources.

c$.$ How much of Alfonso's loss is limited by the passive activity loss rules?