Alfonso began the year with a tax basis in his partnership interest of $31,000. His share of partnership liabilities at the beginning and end of the year consists of $9,000 of recourse liabilities and $4,000 of nonrecourse liabilities. During the year, he was allocated $47,000 of partnership ordinary business loss. Alfonso does not materially participate in this partnership, and he has $3,000 of passive income from other sources. c. How much of Alfonso's loss is limited by the passive activity loss rules?