All of the following statements regarding U.S. GAAP and IFRS are true except:

a.Both U.S. GAAP and IFRS include broad and similar guidance for the items and costs making up merchandise inventory.

b.For both U.S. GAAP and IFRS, merchandise inventory includes all items that a company owns and holds for sale.

c.Both U.S. GAAP and IFRS require companies to write down inventory when its value falls below the cost presently recorded.

d.Both U.S. GAAP and IFRS allow reversals of write downs up to the original acquisition cost.

e.With limited exceptions, neither U.S. GAAP nor IFRS allow inventory to be adjusted upward beyond the original cost.