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1. In each of the following independent situations involving transfers of tangible property, determine which transfer pricing methods applies and compute a transfer price using the appropriate method. Show all of your computations. a. b. Dougco, a domestic corporation, owns 100% of Thaico, a Thailand corporation. Dougco manufactures top-of-the-line offi ce chairs at a cost of $300 per unit and sells them to Thaico, which resells the goods (without any further processing) to unrelated foreign customers for $450 each. Independent foreign distributors typically earn commissions of 20% (expressed as a percentage of the sales price) on the purchase and resale of products comparable to those produced by Dougco c. Clairco, a domestic corporation, owns 100% of Shuco, a foreign corporation that manufactures women's running shoes at a cost of $30 each and sells them to Clairco. Clairco attaches its trade name to the shoes (which has a significant effect on their resale price), and resells them to unrelated customers in the United States for $80 each. Independent foreign manufacturers producing similar running shoes typically earn a gross profit mark-up (expressed as a percentage of the manufacturing costs) of 15%. d. Tomco, a domestic corporation, owns 100% of Swissco, a Swiss corporation. Tomco manufactures riding lawn mowers at a cost of $2,500 per unit, and sells them to unrelated foreign distributors at a price of $3,750 per unit. Tomco also sells the equipment to Swissco, which then resells the goods to unrelated foreign customers for $4,250 each. The conditions of Tomco's sales to Swissco are essentially equivalent to those of the sales made to unrelated foreign distributors. 2. USAco, a domestic corporation, forms a Canadian subsidiary, CANco, to distribute USAco's widgets in Canada. USAco sells widgets to CANco for resale in Canada, provides CANco with USAco's unique distribution software, and provides the use of USAco's collections staff to collect receivables from delinquent accounts. What are the intercompany transactions that USAco must price at arm's length? What compliance techniques may USAco employ to minimize the risk of a transfer pricing penalty? 3. Erica is a citizen of a foreign country, and is employed by a foreign-based computer manufacturer. Erica's job is to provide technical assistance to customers who purchase the company's mainframe computers. Many of Erica's customers are located in the United States. As a consequence, Erica consistently spends about 100 working days per year in the United States. In addition, Erica spends about 20 vacation days per year in Las Vegas, since she loves to gamble and also enjoys the desert climate. Erica does not possess a green card. Assume that the United States has entered into an income tax treaty with Erica's home country that is identical to the United States Model Income Tax Convention of November 15, 2006. How does the United States tax Erica's activities? How would your answer change if Erica were a self-employed technician rather than an employee? 4. Finco is a wholly owned Finnish manufacturing subsidiary of Winco, a domestic corporation that manufactures and markets residential window products throughout the world. Winco has been Finco's sole shareholder since Finco was organized in 1990. At the end of the current year, Winco sells all of Finco's stock to an unrelated foreign buyer for $25 million. At that time, Finco had $6 million of post-1986 undistributed earnings, and $2 million of post-1986 foreign income taxes that have not yet been deemed paid by Winco. Winco's basis in Finco's stock was $5 million immediately prior to the sale. Assume Winco's capital gain on the sale of Finco's stock is not subject to any foreign taxes, and that the U.S. corporate tax rate is 35%. What are the U.S. tax consequences of this sale for Winco? Now assume that instead of selling the stock of Finco, Winco completely liquidates Finco, and receives property with a market value of $25 million in the transaction. As in the previous scenario, at the time of the liquidation, Finco had $6 million of accumulated earnings and profi ts, and $2 million of foreign income taxes that have not yet been deemed paid by Winco. Assume that Winco's basis in Finco's stock was $5 million immediately prior to the liquidation, and that the U.S. corporate tax rate is 35%. What are the U.S. tax consequences of this liquidation for Winco? 5. Explain the mechanism that states use to prevent the double taxation of the income of a corporation doing business in two or more states. Does a state have the authority to require a U.S.-based multinational corporation to compute its state taxable income on a worldwide combined reporting basis? What about a foreign-based multinational corporation? Explain. 6. The IRS is conducting a transfer pricing examination of USAco, a wholly-owned U.S. subsidiary of FORco. USAco purchases widgets from FORco for resale in the United States. The IRS examines USAco's transfer pricing practices for a year in which the statute of limitations will expire in six months. With respect to FORco's manufacturing costs, USAco has failed to reply to information document requests and a summons that is currently docketed in court for enforcement. What procedural tools may the IRS employ to obtain information regarding FORco's manufacturing costs? Explain. 7. USAco is the wholly-owned U.S. subsidiary of ASIAco, a Japanese parent corporation that manufactures automobiles and sells them to USAco for resale in the United States. ASIAco sells the automobiles to USAco for $20,000 and USAco resells the automobiles for $21,000. After a lengthy transfer pricing examination, the IRS proposes an adjustment, based on what it believes is the arm's length price that ASIAco should charge USAco of $17,000 per automobile. USAco would like to file a protest at Appeals, but is also considering seeking relief from the U.S. competent authority. What are USAco's options? Explain