Althea is presenting research findings about perceptions of men and women drinking alcohol. She tells her group that women who are depicted with a beer in hand were:

	a.	more likely to be dehumanized by men, but not women.
	b.	more likely to be dehumanized by both men and women.
	c.	more likely to be dehumanized by women, but not men.
	d.	rated positively by men.

Researchers have come to understand the various stages of sleep by using _____ data.

	a.	MRI
	b.	PET
	c.	CAT
	d.	EEG

A sleeper's first dream usually begins:

	a.	a few minutes after falling asleep.
	b.	about 90 minutes after falling asleep.
	c.	about 90 minutes before waking up.
	d.	about halfway through the night's sleep.

Every morning, Lamont almost falls asleep in the shower. He has low energy levels early in the day, but they build later in the day, so he finds it easy to stay up late. Lamont would be considered a(n):

	a.	morning person.
	b.	owl.
	c.	insomniac.
	d.	lark.

Research into internet "addiction" has found:

	a.	there is an "addictive potential" for certain individuals.
	b.	there is a high probability that individuals will become "addicted" to social media.
	c.	there is not an addictive potential to social media.
	d.	for individuals of a certain age group there is an "addictive potential" to social media.

Dr. Chu is conducting a presentation at a regional conference on the levels of consciousness. She could use the title _____ on her slide where she explains how to define the levels of consciousness.

	a.	"Control Over Awareness"
	b.	"Wake Versus Sleep"
	c.	"Sensory Processing Meets Unconscious Processing"
	d.	"One Task at a Time Versus Multitasking"

_____ is the most widely used depressant drug in the United States.

	a.	Xanax
	b.	Alcohol
	c.	Marijuana
	d.	Valium

Lamar is overweight and has a significant amount of excess tissue in the back of his throat that collapses and blocks off his airway when he enters into deep sleep. He is excessively sleepy during the day. Lamar suffers from:

	a.	obstruction sleep apnea hypopnea.
	b.	sleep terrors.
	c.	narcolepsy.
	d.	insomnia.

The positive consequences that Cesar Millan experiences from training humans to better understand their dogs influence him to continue training people and rehabilitating dogs. This is an example of:

	a.	classical conditioning.
	b.	operant conditioning.
	c.	observational learning.
	d.	higher order conditioning.

Hattice wears a face mask during the COVID-19 pandemic to avoid being shunned by her co-workers. In this case wearing a face mask is a _____ reinforcer.

	a.	positive
	b.	unconditioned
	c.	ratio
	d.	negative

Police in Mumbai, India found a way to reduce excessive car honking at red lights. Every time the sound level reached 85 decibels the red light would reset and the drivers had to wait longer. The purpose of this was to reduce the unwanted behavior of car honking by the addition of more wait time. This is an example of:

	a.	positive punishment.
	b.	classical conditioning.
	c.	positive reinforcement.
	d.	negative reinforcement.

When you gaze into your dog's eyes, both you and the dog release _____ which plays an important role in social bonding.

	a.	glutamate
	b.	serotonin
	c.	oxytocin
	d.	dopamine

John Garcia's research was designed to help protect wildlife. Garcia's research is considered _____ research.

	a.	applied
	b.	basic
	c.	survey
	d.	observational

When examining the correlation between media exposure and aggression it can be noted that parents may play a role in the results. This presents the issue of:

	a.	observer bias.
	b.	experimenter bias.
	c.	the third variable.
	d.	the placebo effect.

An undesired behavior is decreased by:

	a.	positive punishment and positive reinforcement.
	b.	negative reinforcement and negative punishment.
	c.	positive punishment and negative punishment.
	d.	negative reinforcement and positive punishment.

Edward Thorndike conducted experiments which showed that cats placed in a puzzle box took less time to trigger a latch and escape from the box as the number of learning trials increased. This represents:

	a.	shaping.
	b.	the law of effect.
	c.	the law of behaviorism.
	d.	instinctive drift.