Although Radhakrishnan states that "all religions owe their inspiration to the personal insights of their prophet founders[,]" which of the following in its pure form does he believe is not a "founded" religion?

Christianity

Buddhism

Hinduism

Islam

Question

According to David Stewart, religion defined as a "belief in some kind of supernatural being or beings" ____.

would exclude some religious traditions and is thus insufficient

is not related to the dictionary definition of religion.

is an adequate definition of religion in order to philosophically study religion

all of the options listed

Incorrect

Question

The Enlightenment philosopher who argued that an action was moral only if done out of duty was _____.

Plato

Kant

Aristotle

Hume

Incorrect

Question

Nielsen believes that_____ person(s) need(s) to explain/justify suffering in the world.

a religious

a secular

both religous and secular

neither religious nor secular

Question

According to Nielsen, the excessive amount of pain and suffering in the world (e.g., the suffering of children, people with cancer, and the Jews in concentration camps) ______.

can be explained/justified from a religious perspective

can be explained/justified from a secular perspective

cannot be explained/justified from either a religious or a secular perspective

none of the options listed

Incorrect

Question

According to Nietzsche, slave morality is a morality of ______.

utility

goodness

courage

all of the options listed

Incorrect

Question

According to Stewart, Nietzsche praises which of the following moralities and their respective values?

Christian

Jewish

slave

Greek aristocratic

Question

Stewart explains that Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics _____.

included metaphysical principles based on a personal God

did not include metaphysical principles based on a personal God

provides a completely religious ethic

argues against ethics

Incorrect

Question

According to William Paley, _____ is life's goal.

to achieve greatness

to obey God's will

to live without God and through courage

none of the options listed

Incorrect

Question

Which of the following thinkers believed that the only time he "lived" was when he believed in God?

Nietzsche

Nielsen

Tolstoy

None of the thinkers mentioned

Incorrect

Question

According to Epicurus, ____ is the enemy.

life

fear of death

death

God

none of the options listed

Incorrect

Question

Regarding Judaism, Stewart notes that ____.

it had a fully developed doctrine of an afterlife existence for most of its history

it never had an afterlife concept and does not to this day

for most of the pre-Christian period, it had no view of an afterlife

none of the options listed

Incorrect

Question

In Jewish thought, unlike Platonic thought, humans are ____.

incarnated souls

disembodied spirits

animated bodies

none of the options listed

Incorrect

Question

According to Plato, philosophy ______.

is a way to salvation

involves no thought of immortality of the soul

is an attempt to argue against the immortality of the soul

none of the options listed

Incorrect

Question

In the Phaedo, Plato has Socrates argue that _____.

the soul is a harmony

the soul is destructible and mortal

the soul is indestructible and immortal

none of the options listed

Incorrect

Question

According to Rahula, which of the following is the case?

the self/soul is a real entity that can travel from one life to the next

the anatta is a false belief

without free will life would be meaningless

the idea of a self/soul is an imaginary, false belief without any corresponding reality

all of the options listed

Incorrect

Question

According to Rahula, ______.

there is no free will, since all is conditioned and relative

there is a prime mover or God that started everything moving

cogito ergo sum is an accurate description of Buddhist beliefs

all of the options listed