An emission tax is Select one: Q a. a Command and Control pollution control instrument. 0 b. an Economic Incentive pollution control instrument 0 4:. a form of liability Stock-damage pollution occurs when Select one: Q a. damages depend only on the flow of the pollutant being feieased in the relevant environmental system at any point in time O b. damages depend only on the stock of the pollutant in the relevant environmental system at any point in time O c. the measured concentration rate of the pollutant does not vary from place to place. A necessary condition for pollution abatement at least cost is that Select one: 0 a. the pollutant is uniformly mixing 0 b. the marginal cost of abatement be equalised over all abaters. O c. the total cost of abatement be equalised over all abaters. Codication of liability for environmental damage is Select one: Q a. an institutional approach to facilitate internalisation of externalities. O b. a command and control instrument 0 c. an economic incentive instrument An (-zxte-rrialitgir is Select one: Q a. A Pareto improvement. 0 b. rival and excludable. O c. A market failure. Compared to other pollution control instrumentsi minimum technology requirements have the following advantage: Select 0 n e: O a. They have lower monitoring. administering and enforcing compliance costs. C) b. They have higher monitoring' administering and enforcing compliance costs. C.) c. They are quasimarket instruments A pure public good is Select one: CD a. non-rivalrous and non-excludable. C) b. rivalrous and excludable. (3 c. congestible. An allocation of resources is efficient if Select one: (D a. if it is always possible to make one or more persons better off without making at least one other person worse off. C3 b. if it is not possible to make one or more persons better off without making at least one other person worse off. (3 c. it is Pareto dominated If at a given level of emissions M the marginal benets of pollution are less than the marginal damage from pollution. then Select one: Q a. a small increase in emissions will increase net benefits. 0 b. a small decrease in emissions will increase net benets. 0 c. this is an efficient level of emissions. A pollution abatement instrument is costeffective if Select one: C) a. it is randomized O b. it can attain some predetermined pollution abatement target at higher real cost than anyr other instrument 0 c. it can attain some predetermined pollution abatement target at lower real cost than any other instrument